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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.

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2
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

A series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules.

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3
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simple molecules.

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4
Q

Example of a catabolic pathway

A

Cellular respiration

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5
Q

Another term for Catabolic Pathways

A

Breakdown Pathways

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6
Q

Another term for Anabolic pathways

A

Biosynthetic pathways

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7
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules.

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8
Q

Example of an anabolic pathway

A

the synthesis of proteins from amino acids.

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9
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of how energy flows through organisms.

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10
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change, especially to do work.

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11
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.

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12
Q

Thermal Energy

A

Kinetic Energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form.

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13
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.

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14
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure).

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15
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy available in molecules for release in chemical reaction; A form of potential energy.

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16
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

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17
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.

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18
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder, or randomness.

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19
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.

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20
Q

Spontaneous Process

A

A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable.

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21
Q

Free Energy

A

The portion of a biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.

22
Q

ΔG (change in free energy)

A

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS

ΔH- change in enthalpy, T- Temperature in K, ΔS- change in entropy

23
Q

Enthalpy

A

Total energy.

24
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.

25
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

26
Q

Energy Coupling

A

In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

27
Q

ATP

A

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

28
Q

Phosphorylated Intermediate

A

A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bonded to it, making it more reactive (less stable) that the unphosphorylated molecule.

29
Q

Enzyme

A

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.

30
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

31
Q

Activation Energy

A

The amount of energy that reactant must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation.

32
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant on which an enzyme works

33
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

34
Q

Active Site

A

The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.

35
Q

Induced fit

A

Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate.

36
Q

Cofactor

A

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalysis.

37
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.

38
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics.

39
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product.

40
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.

41
Q

Cooperativity

A

A kind of Allosteric Regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits.

42
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.

43
Q

Bioluminescence

A

Converting energy stored in certain organic molecules to light.

44
Q

Spontaneous reactions with G

A

If the change in free energy is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.

45
Q

A cell’s 3 main kinds of work

A
  • Chemical Work
  • Transport Work
  • Mechanical Work
46
Q

Chemical Work

A

The pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously, such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers.

47
Q

Transport Work

A

The pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement.

48
Q

Mechanical Work

A

The beating of cilia, contraction of muscles, the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction.

49
Q

Transition state

A

When molecules have absorbed enough thermal energy for the bonds to break.

50
Q

Enzyme Saturation

A

When all the enzymes are catalyzing their maximum potential and cannot go any faster.

51
Q

Important Environmental Factors for Enzymes

A

Temperature and pH

Biology (14 decks)

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