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4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

RED BLOOD CELLS
Erythrocytes are adapted for transporting oxygen.
They contain haemoglobin, a protein which carries the oxygen and gives them the red colour.
The blood also carries away carbon dioxide produced during respiration by cells

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2
Q

what is heamaglobin

A

Haemoglobin is made up of:
1. 4 polypeptide chains
2. each polypeptide chain contains a haem group which contains an iron ion
Each haem can pick up 4 molecules of oxygen

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3
Q

what is the reaction of heamaglobin and oxygen

A

Hb + 4O2 ⇌ HbO8
Haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin
This is reversible.
Oxyhaemoglobin is formed in the lungs, then when oxygen unloads (leaves) oxyhaemoglobin in the body tissues it turns back to haemoglobin.
Once one O2 molecule loads it makes it easier for other O2 molecules to then load. But as it becomes saturated it becomes harder for more to load.

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4
Q

what is partial pressure

A

pO2
the concentration of oxygen

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5
Q

when does oxygen load onto haem

A

when the pO2 is high
when it is low it unloads

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6
Q

what is the graph
shape
labels

A

ADD GRAPH
sigmoidal shape - 4 molecules
1st harder
2+3 easier
4 hard
never 100% as there is always blood moving
bohr shift to right

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7
Q

curve to the left

A

high affinity for oxygen
loads oxygen easily.
Releases it less readily.
Found in organisms that live in environments with little oxygen (i.e. low PPO2).
E.g. lugworms.
These organism must have a low metabolic rate.
I.e. respire or use oxygen slowly.
So the slow unloading of oxygen into the tissues is not a problem.
For these organisms it is more important to have a Hb that loads oxygen rapidly than unloads it.

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8
Q

curve to the right

A

low afinity to oxygen
loads oxygen less readily.
unloads more readily.
Found in organisms with that live in environments with plenty of oxygen (i.e. high PPO2)
E.g. humans.
These organisms have a high metabolic rate.
I.e. respire and use oxygen readily.
So rapid release of oxygen to the tissues replaces that used (in metabolism).
For these organisms it is more important to have a Hb that unloads oxygen more rapidly than load.

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9
Q

feotal haemoglobin

A

Has a different quaternary structure to adult Hb.
Has a higher affinity for O2 at the same P02 as adult Hb.( shifts to the left)
Loads/associates at a PO2 at which the adult Hb dissociates.
Maintains a diffusion gradient across the placenta.

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10
Q

myoglobin

A

Has a higher affinity for O2 than adult and fetal Hb.
(shifts a lot to the left) - different shape
Stores O2 in the muscle – extending aerobic respiration.
Only unloads/dissociates when the PO2 is very low/CO2 high.
Found in human (muscles) and diving organisms e.g. seals -areas where contractions are sustained.

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11
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cell
contain haeomoglobin
no nucleus
transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells
biconcave disc shape ( large surface area to volume ratio)

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12
Q

leucocytes

A

larger than erythrocytes
defend the body against infection
nucleus and cytoplasm

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13
Q

granulocytes

A

leucocytes
granuals in the cytopasm to stain them
lobed nuclei

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14
Q

neutrophils

A

type of granulocyte
non specific immune system
engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis
multi lobed nuclei

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15
Q

eosinophils

A

type of granulocyte
non specific immune system
stained red
important in non specific immune response against parasites in allergic reactions and inflamation

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16
Q

basophils

A

type of granulocyte
non specific immune system
two lobed nucleus
produce histamines in allergic reaction and inflammation

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17
Q

agranulocyte

A

leucocytes do not have granules
unlobed nuclei

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18
Q

monocyte

A

agranulocyte
specific immune system
largest leucocyte
move out of the blood and into tissues to form macrophages
engulf pathogens by phagocytosis

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19
Q

lymphocytes

A

type of white blood cell
small leucocytes with very large nuclei that are vitally important in specific immune response of the body

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20
Q

platelets

A

tiny fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes
involved in clotting of the blood

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21
Q

vein

A

cary blood back towards the heart
most cary deoxgyenated
except
-pulmonary
-umbilical
thin layer of muscle and few fibres
large lumen

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22
Q

adaptation of veins

A

hold large volumes of blood
low pressure
semilunar valves to prevent backflow of blood
during physical activity the muscles squeeze the veins forcing the blood back to the heart

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23
Q

capillaries

A

branch between cells so
substances can diffuse between cells and the blood quickly
diameter is small encouraging more diffusion
thin walls
oxygen out of blood
co2 and waste products in
walls are partially permeable

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24
Q

artery

Study These Flashcards
A

carry blood away from the heart towards cells
almost all carry oxygenated blood
except
-pulmonary
-umbilical
lumen- central space
elastic fibres and muscle around the outside
then external later of tough tissue

25
adaptations of the artery
lumen-central space gets smaller as you get away from the heart elastic fibres and muscle tisues get larger as you move away high pressure of blood to withstand stretch to accommodate pressure pulse you feel is the stretch
26
periphiral arterys
muscle fibres contract or relax to change the size of the lumen controlling blood flow the smaller the lumen the harder it is for blood to flow through controls the amount of blood to an organ
27
cardiac cycle
1 heart beat - 3 stages -atrial systole both atria contract -ventricular systole both ventricles contract -diastole all chambers relax
28
myogenic
without nervous impluse
29
how does the heart beat
myogenic -sinoatrial node (pacemaker) -SAN -atrioventricular node - AVN -purkyne tissue -bundle of HIS
30
atrial systole
SAN sends impules across both atria atria contracts increase pressure blood enters ventriles through atrio-ventricular valves 0.1 seconds
31
ventricular systole
atria relax pressure of blood forces atrioventricular valves to close - bottom the SAN stimulates the AVN to produce impulses these travel down the ventricles through the bundles of HIS The purkyne fibres pass the impulses to ventricle walls. There is a delay this causes the ventricles to contract opening the semi lunar valves blood passes into the aorta and pulmonary arteries 0.3 seconds
32
diastole
ventricles relax pressure in the ventricles falls below that in the arteries blood under high pressure in the arteries cause the semi lunar valves to shut all heart muscles relax 0.4 seconds
33
ecgs
electrocardiograms record the electrcial activity in the heart
34
35
undersanding ecgs
p wave: artial systole qrs: ventricular systole t wave: diastole q->t contraction (ventricles) t->p filling time p->q atria contracting
36
thromboplastin
catalyses conversion of prothrombin into thrombin happens at the site of a wound calcium ions need to be present
37
thrombin
thrombin acts on fibrinogen converting it to fibrin this forms a mesh to cover the wound
38
what happens in a bood clot
cascade of events platlets release thromboplastin thromboplastin( catalyst) : prothrombin -> thrombin ( with calcium ions) thrombin : fibrinogen -> fibrin fibrin : mesh of fibres to cover wound platlets and blood cells get caught in mesh proteins in the platlets contract making the clot tighter and tougher
39
atheroscelerosis
build up of plaques on the inside of the arteries restricts blood flow or even block it -slight damage to cells leads to a deposit of lipids -blood platelets form a cap over the fatty plaque which narrows the artery -any further damage causes a clot to form and can block the whole artery
40
non modifyable risks of ather....
age - blood vessels loosen with age sex -before menopause women are less likely (eostorogen reduces plaque ) genetics- more likelehood in some families
41
modifyable risks
lifestyle diet-high salt increases water content of blood so high volume needs pumped so heart needs to do more work stress- trigers chemicals that trigger a imflamatory response in the blood vessels -high blood pressure smoking- chemicals damage the artery lining lack of exercise- lowers blood pressure and chloesterol high blood pressure- increases the risk of damage to the vessel obsetity- diabetes type 2 damage to the lining of blood vessels
42
plasma
transports: -digested food products from small intestine to wherever needed -nutrient molecules from storage to wherever needed -excretory products from cells to organs -chemical messages -heat has plasma proteins which are too large to leave the blood
43
tissue fluid
liquid that surrounds cells allows transport between blood and cells removes waste cells bathe in tissue fluid uses -hydrostatic pressure -osmosis supply glucose/salts/hormones removes co2 and urea
44
hydrostatic pressure
high at the arterial end so forces fluid out cells bathe in tissue fluid higher water potential outside then inside so reabsorbed by osmosis and venus end 10% does not go in and joins lymphatic system
45
lymph
10% needs to be drained\passes through the lymphatic system and drains back into the circulatory system contains lymphocytes -made in lymph nodes movement is caused by the contraction of nearby muscles and valves to prevent back flow moves in the lymphatic vessels more fatty acids than blood
46
tissue
group of similar cells that form similar function
47
aorta compared to vein
thicker walls narrower lumen more muscle semilunar valves
48
adaptation of red blood cells
flat so many can fit through capillaries high surface area - vol ratio so faster absorption biconcave nature contains haem so can bind with oxygen
49
blood diseases
more white -infectioon immune response fewer red -anemia -lukemia fewer platlets -lukemia -anemia more eosionophills -allergy -parasitic infection -asthma
50
smoking on blood clot formation
damage to endothelium lining inflamatory response macrophages arive deposits of cholesterol formation of plaque arteries narrowed reduced blood supply increases blood pressure can lead to stroke/heart disease
51
cardiac cycle
impulse starts at SAN takes 0.3s to AVN atrial systole takes 0.07 delay at AVN 0.16 at bundles of his 0.17 at purkyne fibres ventricular systole 0.22 atrioventricular valves open during atrial and close during ventricular
52
function of blood clot
prevent entry of pathogen prevent blood loss
53
myogenic cardiac cycle
contraction from SAN depolarisation causes atrial systole delay at avn depolarisation through purkyne fibres and bundles of his ventricular systole from base of heart
54
similarities between single and double
contain oxygenated blood contains blood and vessels
55
differences between single and double
single -1-2 compartments of the heart blood passes through heart once ox and deox not separate lower pressure less affective double -3-4 compartments blood passes through heart twice ox and deof separate higher pressure
56
atheletes
more cardiac muscle stroke volume increases same cardiac output with fewer beats sufficient oxygen supply for respiration in cells
57
formation of tissue fluid
oncotic pressure caused by plasma proteins hydrostatic pressure due to heart pumping hydro>oncot fluid forced out oncot>hydro fluid moves in leaves capillary through pores
58
double circulatory system positives
more oxygen for respiration maintains high pressure to body keeps oxygenates and deoxygenated blood separate pulmonary and circulatory system separate

biology (33 decks)

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