4.3 Body fluids and circulation Flashcards
1
Q
What is ht ecolour , pH and wieght percentage and volume of blood in human?
A
red
pH 7.4
7-8 % of the body weight
4-5 L in females and 5-6 L in males
2
Q
Why is blood a false CT?
A
1) the cells do not have the power to divide on their own
2) they don’t secrete their own matrix
3) matrix is devoid of fibres
3
Q
What is the percentage of cells and plasma in the blood?
A
55% plasma
45% cells ( RBC , WBC )
4
Q
What are the two main components of the plasma and what is their percentage>?
A
solid : 8 -10%
liquid : 90-92 %
5
Q
What is the meaning of packed cell volume?
A
% of volume of total number of blood corpuscles in blood
6
Q
What is the meaning of hematocrit volume?
A
% of the total RBC in the blood
7
Q
What is the inorganic parts of the plasma and is the percentage composition ?
A
1-2%
ions : K+ ,Na + , Mg ++ , Ca++, HCO3– ,Cl – , CO3–
salts: KCl, MgCl2, NaHCO3
gases : O2, CO2, N2
8
Q
What is the organic part of the plasma?
A
7-8% vitamins nutrients : glucose , amino acids , lipids hormones proteins
9
Q
What are the proteins present in teh blood?
A
fibrinogen : clot formation
thrombin : clot formation
albumin : osmotic pressure
globulins : many functions
10
Q
What are the various globulins and what are their function ?
A
alpha globulins: Cu
beta : Fe transport
Gamma : immune response
11
Q
What are the various gamma globulins and what are their respective funcitons?
A
IgG : smallest antibody
IgA : liquid anti body ( we get it form the first time from clostrum)
IgM : largest , pentamere ,(immunoglobulin)
IgD : present on the surface lymph organ
IgE : allergic antibody
12
Q
What is the ratio of albumin and globulins?
A
2 : 1
13
Q
What is the normal bloof glucose level?
A
80 -100 mg / 100 ml of blood
14
Q
What is the normal cholesterol level in the blood?
A
150-260 mg in 100 ml of blood
15
Q
What is the normal urea level of blood?
A
17 - 30 mg/ 100 ml of blood
16
Q
What is the urea level when the amount of urea in the
A
40mg - 100 mg
17
Q
What happens if the urea level increases beyond the normal?
A
the condition is called UREMIA
the shape of RBC becomes irregular and then teh RBC is destroyed in the spleen
18
Q
What happens to the RBC due to uremia?
A
the cell gets distorted and it is called Burr cells
19
Q
What is the physical feature os the RBC?
A
disc like
biconcace
circular cross section
no nucleus
20
Q
Why is hte shape of RBC is bi concave ?
A
to increase the surface area of the cells
21
Q
What is the endo skeleton of the RBC composed of?
A
stromatin
22
Q
Name some mammal whose RBC is biconvex in shape?
A
lamma and camel
23
Q
What is the diameter of the blood capillary and the RBC?
A
RBC : 7.5 micro meter
capillary : 5 micro meter
24
Q
What is the plasma membrane of the RBC called?
A
Donnan’s membrane
25
What is the feature of the Donnan's membrane?
it is highly permeable to some iions like Cl- and HCO3- while it is impermeable to Na+ and K+
26
What type of respiration takes place in the RBC?
anaerobic
27
What is the enzyme present in the RBC that can helps in the formation of HCO3- and what is its catalyst?
the enzyme is called : Carbonic Anhydrase
Zn it boosts the function of CA 5000 times
28
What is the function of CA ?
it helps in speeding up the dissociation and formation of cabonic acid
29
What is the color of a SINGLE RBC?
it is pale yellow in color while a group of them is red in color
30
What is the charge on the iron ion present in the haemoglobin?
Fe 2+
31
How much RBC does a normal human have in 100 ml of blood?
12 -16 gm of Hb
32
How much blood does a healthy adult man , new born baby and female have in 1mm-3 of blood ?
5- 5.5 million ( man)
6. 8 million in mm-3 of new born baby
4. 5 - 5 million m-3 in female
33
How many Hb deos each RBC contain ?
26.5 crore
34
What are the two components of hte Hb?
5% Fe and porphyrin
| 95% of globin ( 4 poly peptids)
35
What is Hb molecule type of difernet man and foetal Hb ?
adult man Hb type 1 : A2B2
adult man Hb type 2 : A2d2 ( d : delta )
foetal Hb : A2G2 (G: gamma )
36
What is the number of amio acids present in the various types of globin chains of the Hb?
alpha : 141 amino acids
beta : 146 amino acids
gamma : 146 amino acids
delta : 146 amino acids
37
Which type of Hb has the max capacity of binding with the O2 ?
foetal Hb
38
What is the meaing of anisocytosis?
the change in hte shape of the RBC
39
In which animal and class do we find the largest and smallest RBC ?
amphiuma ( amphibia) 75- 80 micro meter '
musk deer ( mammalia) 2.5 micro meter
40
What is the meaing of crenation ?
the shrnking of RBC
41
What is the isotonic value for NaCl and glucose for a human RBC?
0.8 - 1.0 % NaCl
5% w/v in glucose
42
What is th elife span of RBC , new born baby and frog?
RBC : 120 days
New born baby : 100 days
frog : 100 days
43
What is the ocndition of increased and decreased RBC count called?
polycethemia
anaemia
44
Hormone that stimulates erythropoesis and where ?
erythropoetin and kidney
45
Where is the first RBC produced?
in the yolk sac
46
What are hte erythropoetic organs in the embryo?
yolk sac , liver , spleen, placenta, thymus
47
Where is the RBC produced in adult man ?
Red bone marrow
48
Where is RBC collected in an adult man?
trabaculae
49
Which organ is called the graveyard of RBC and why?
spleen ( because RBC are destroyed here)
50
Where are the excess of RBC stored in our body?
spleen
51
Which organ is called ht eblood bank?
spleen
52
What is the adhering blood corpuscles of RBC called and wy does it happen?
rouleaux , and this is caused do to slow blood flow
53
What is the meaning of haemoconia?
the minutes bits of blood corpuscles
54
Name the green colored respiratory pigment of RBC of some animals?
chlorocruorin , it is green colored Fe pigment and is found in annelids
55
Name the Cu containing respiratory pigments in some animals and what are these animals ?
hemocyanin , crustaceons
56
What are the differnces between granulocytes and agranulocytes?
Granulocytes:
1) cytoplasmic granules are present
2) multilobed nucleus is present
3) produced in the bone marrow
Agranulocytes :
1) cytoplasmic lobes are absent
2) multilobed nucleus is absent
3) they are produced in the lymphoid organs
57
What are the various granulcytes and what are their functions? and how many lobes do each of them have ?
acidophils : (2) they produce response to alllergy
basophil : (3) histamine, heparin, serotonin
neutrophil : (5 to 3) they are phagocytotic and are called the micro policeman
58
What are teh functions of the various agranullocytes and what is theri shape of nucleus?
monocyte (kidney shaped) : the are called scavengers and are also called hte macro policeman
lymphocyte ( spherical) : they function for the immune system
59
What is the function of neutrophils?
they destroy the BACTERIA and VIRUS with the help of phagocytosis
60
What are the types of T lymphocytes and also tell the functions?
T killer cells(cytotoxic cells) : kill the microbes
T helper cell : stimulate
T- Suppresor ( t regulator ) : supresses T killer and protect hte immune system
61
What is the funciton of B lymphocytes?What are their different types along with their function?
it helps in production and transport of antibodies
B plasma:
B memory:
62
Which the smallest blood cell?
RBC
63
What is the shape of the nucleus of basophils and what is the stain used to stain them?
S shape nucleus
| they are stained by METHYL BLUE
64
What is the meaning of DLC and TLC?
DCL : differential lymphocyte count
| TLC : total leukocyte in the blood
65
What is the meaning of leukocytosis, leucocytopenia ?
leukocytosis: increase in TLC , mostly TLC increases in bacterial and viral infeciton
Leokocytopenia :decrease in TLC in some infection like AIDS and typhoid
66
What is leukemia and what is the number of WBC present in the body of a patient who has leukemia ?
leukemia is the abnormal increase in the amount of WBC in the body
their body had more than 1 lakh WBC
67
How does acidophiles deal with the parasite?
they synthesise histamin during allergic response , they act as lysosomes during infection
they attach themselves to the body wall o the parasites and then synthesizes some enzymes that dissolves the body wall of the parasite
68
What is the meaning of diapdasis?
the fact that neutrophils can squeeze themselves through the wall of blood capillary is called diapedasis
69
From where does the platelets derive from?
megakaryocyte cells of hte bone marrow
70
What is the name of the platelets found in the blood of other vertebrate other than mammals?
spindle corpuscles
71
Which is the least found lymphocyte ?
basophils
72
What are the functions of platelets? What are the charecteristics of the platelets?
size
life span
normal count
1) repair the endothelium of blood by forming platelet plug
2) sythesize thromboplastin clotting factor 3 which helps in blood clotting
3) synthesize serotonin
2-3 micro meter
life span 2-5 days
normal platelets count : 1.5 lakh to 3.5 lakh
73
What is the condition called when there is less number of platelets?
thrombocytopenia
74
What is the critical count of thrombocyte and what heppens if it reduces below it?
40,000/ mm3
purpura disease ( rash appear on the skin)
75
What is the normal bleeding and clotting time?
1-3 mins '
2- 8 mins
76
What are the two types of clot and what do they do?
| Which one is more harmful?
THROMBUS : static and they bigger and bigger and stop the blood flow
EMBOLUS: moving clots whihc flows with the blood and ultimaltesly dissolve in the blood
EMBOLUS is more harmful due to their moving nature
77
Which type of blood clot can cause heart attack and what is the pheomenon called?
THROMBUS
| they can form clot in the coronary artery (the artery of the heart) and this is called coronary thrombosis
78
What is the fucntion of fibrin ?
they form the clot or hte coagulum by trapping the dead or the damaged elements of the blood
79
How is thrombokiase formed?
this is formed by a series of lined enzymatic reations involving a number of factors present in the plasma in inactive state
during trauma or injury stimulates the platelets in the blood to secrete some factors which actives the mechanisms of coagulation
80
What is the antibody and the antigen present in A blood group and from whom can they recieve blood and give blood ?
antibody : anti B
antigen : antigen A
receive from : A,O
81
What is the antibody and the antigen present in B blood group and from whom can they recieve blood and give blood ?
antibody : anti A
antigen : antgen B
receive from B,O
82
What is the antibody and the antigen present in AB blood group and from whom can they recieve blood and give blood ?
antibody : nil
antigen : antigen A, antigen B
receive from : A,O,B,AB
83
What is the antibody and the antigen present in O blood group and from whom can they recieve blood and give blood ?
antibody : anti A, anti B
antigen : -nil-
receive from : O
84
Who discovered A,B, and O blood group?
Landsteiner
85
What is the ion that plays a crucial role in the clotting of blood?
Ca ++ ion
86
Which blood group is called the universal donor and which one is called hte universal reciever?
universal donor: O
| unidversal receiver : AB
87
What type of allele is the Rh gene and what is the name of the gene ?
it is a dominant gene
isoagglutinogen (I)
88
What is the percentage of people with Rh - and Rh +?
97% +
| 3% -
89
What happens during ertyhroblastosis foealis? What can happen to the foetus?
during this the mother is Rh-ve and the baby is Rh+ve
during the second child birth the child may be badly damaged and this can cause
ANAEMIA and JAUNDICE to the foetus
90
What are the list of animals that have closed and open circulatory system?
closed circulatory system : annelids , cephalopods , most of the chordates
open circulatory system: arthropods and molluscs EXCEPT CEPHALOPOD
91
What type of blood circulatory system does the cephalopod have?
cephalopods has closed circulatory system
92
Who discovered hte pumping of blod?
William Harvey
93
Please do read the circulatio part from teh copy for best results
Please do read the circulatio part from teh copy for best results
94
Lymph differs from blood possesing what?
WBC and no RBC
95
What is the cavity of the animals with open circulatory system called?
sinuses
96
What is the study of blood vascular system called?
angiology
97
Which animal has venous heart?
fish
98
What type of circulation take place in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, crocodiles , aves and mammals?
```
fishes: mixed
amphibians : transitional double
reptiles : transitional double
crocodiles : double
aves: double
mammals : double
```
99
How much blood does a make, femal have?
4-5 l in females
| 5-6 in females
100
What is the function of lymph node?
antibody synthesis
filters and clean hte lymph
destroy the bacteria
101
What is the type of tissue present in the spleen called?
splenic pulp
102
What are the two differnt types of tissues in the spleen and what are their funciton s?
white pulp
red pulp
103
What are the factors released by the injured part and the platelets that helps in coagulation of blood?
injured part : exothromboplastin
platelet : endothromboplastin
104
What are the 13 clotting factors ?
Clotting factors :
1) fibrinogen
2) prothrombin
3) thromboplastin
4) Ca ++
5) pro accelerin
6) accelerin
7) stable factor
8) AHG
9) Christmus factor
10) Stuart factor
11) anti cedent (PTA)
12) Hageman factor
13) Fsf (fibrin stabilizing factor )
105
Which child does the erythroblastosis foetalis not affect?
1st child
106
What is the passage of the interstitial fluid to the tissue?
```
lymphatic vessel
|
L/R thoracic lymph duct
|
L/R subclavian vein
|
superior vena cava
```
107
What is cardiomegaly?
the increase in the size of the heart is called cardio megaly
108
Who is the father of angiology ?
Williams Harvey
109
From which embryo layer does the heart derive from?
from the mesderm
110
What are the three layers of hte heart?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
111
What are the layers of the epicardium?
visceral pericardium
pericardial fluid
parietal pericardium
112
What are the layers of the various (3) layers of the heart made up of?
epicardium (simple sqaumous epithelium)
myocardium (cardiac muscles)
endocardium (simple sqaumous epithelium)
113
Which atria is bigger L or R?
right atria is bigger
114
Which ventricle is bigger L or R?
the Left VENTRICLE IS BIGGER
115
What are the various septum of hte hear made up of?
musclular tissue
116
Where are the tricuspid and hte bicuspid valve prenset?
tri cuspid valve: right atria and ventricle valve
bicuspid valve : between the left atria and ventricle
117
What is the other name of bicuspid valve?
mitral valve
118
Where are the semi luminar valves present?
pulmonary artery
| aorta
119
What are the number of valves in the embryonic heart of humans?
there are 7 valves
eustachain
thebasian valve
haversian valve
bicuspid and tricuspid
semiluminar
120
What are the various parts of the vena cava and what is the valve present in it?
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA : haversian valve
CORONARY VEIN : thebasian valve
INFERIOR VENA CAVA : eustachain valve
121
What is the opening in the inter atrial septum called in the embryo and what does it develop into?
foramen ovalis
fossa ovalis
122
What is the connection between pulmonary artery and the aorta called?
ductus arteriosus
later develops into LIGAMETUM ateriosum
123
What stops the opposite flow of blood in the heart?
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
columni cornae
124
What is the function of the umbilical artery and umbilical vein ?
umbilical vein : O2 and food
| umbilical artery : CO 2 and excretory product
125
Where is the SAN and the AV node presnet?
SAN : in the uper right of the right artium
| AV node : in the lower left of the right atrium near the inter atrial septum
126
What connects the SAN and the AV node?
internodal fibres
127
What divides into bundle of HIS?
AV bundle
128
What are the further branching of the bundle of HIS?
the purkinje fibres
129
How many number of action potential can the SAN generate?
70-75 per minute
130
How many times foes hte heart beat in the a minute?
70 - 75 per minute
| avg = 72 per minute
131
Where is the maximum and the minimumspeed of the aciton potential ?
maxmimum : purkinje fibres
minimum : av node
132
What is the artificial pacemaker made up of?
lithium battery
133
What is the pacemaker of frog?
sinus venosus
134
What is hte meaning of homethermals and ectothermals?
homeothermals : when the heart beat is connected to teh body size
ectothermy: when the heart beat is controlled by the environment
135
```
Which of them are neurogenis and which of them are myogenic?
annelids
arthrodpods
molluscs
vertebrates?
```
MYOGENIC : molluscs and vetebrates
NEUROGENIC : annelids and arthropods
136
What is the meaning of myogenic heart?
when the heart beat is controlled by a special set of muscular tissue
137
What si the meaning of tachy cardia and brady cardia ?
tachycardia: increases in the heart beat
| bradicardia : decrease in the heart beat
138
What is the meaning of arrhythemia?
irregular heart beat
139
What regulates the normal beating of hte heart?
the nodal tissue
140
What regulates the heart beat and how does it affect the heart beat?
medulla oblongata (ANS)
sympatheti nervous system (ANS), increase
para sympathetic nervous system (ANS) , decrease
adrenaline : increases
nor adrenaline increase
141
What is the function of medulla oblongata in the heart beat regulation?
moderate the cardiac function
142
What is the role of acetyl choline in the heart beat regulation ?
it decreases the heart beat
143
What happens when hte SAN generates an impulse?
in leads to the contraction of the atrai
144
By how much percentage does the blood flow from the atria increase due to atrial systole ?
30%
145
Which intrument is used to listen to the heart beat?
stethoscope
146
When does the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close? What sound does it make?
ventricular systole
| it makes a lub sound
147
When does the semiluminar valves close ? What sound does it make
during the ventricular diastole
| it makes a dub sound
148
What is the duration of the cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
149
What is the meaining of dystolic volume and systolic volume? What are their respective volume?
the amount of blood left in the ventricles after a systole and a diastole is called diastolic volume and a systolic volume
diastolic = 120 ml
systolic volume = 50ml
150
What is the time for which we hear the LUBB and hte DUP sound? also their differnce in intensity ?
LUBB: 0.15 s , less intensity
DUP : 0.1 sec , more intensity
151
What is murmur in a heart diseas?
defective heart sound
152
What are the two circulation in teh double circulation?
systemic circularion and the pulmonary circulation
153
What are the differnet types of portal systems?
RENAL PORTAL SYSTEMS
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEMS
HYPOPHYDEAL PORTAL SYSTEM
154
Discuss the renal portal system and in which animals is it present? is it present in humans?
just recall
it is present in frogs , it is absent in humans
155
What are the veins that enters the liver and by what ?
```
spleen vein
stomach vein
gall blader
abdominal wall
intestine
pancreatic vein
```
enter the blood by HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
156
Whose function does the hypothalamus controls with the helps of the ypophyseal portal vein ?
adenohypophysis
157
What are hte three types of blood vessels?
artery
capillary
vein
158
What are the three layers of the blood vessels? What is it made up of ?
tunica externa : collagen fibres , elastic fibres , longitudinal
tunica media : circular and elastin fibres
tunica interna : simple squamous epithelium
159
Who discovered hte blood capillary ?
marcello malpighi
160
What is the blood vessel that supplies blood to the blood vessle called?
vasa vascorum
161
What are the differnces between teh artery and the vein ? ( location, lumen , size of it, color )
arteries are located deep in the body
wall of arteries are thick
the lumen of artery is small
the artery is bright red in color whereas veins are deep red and bluish in color
162
Which of them do not collapse? ( artery and vein)
artery does not collapse
163
What is device used to find the blood pressure? What is the normal blood pressue?
sphygmomanometer
| 120/80
164
Where is the pulse found? What is pulse pressure?
in the right artery in the wrist of man
artery of the neck region
differnce between the diastolic and the systolic pressure
165
What does hte P , ORS , T wave mean?
P : atrial systole
ORS : ventricular systole
T: ventricular diastole
166
When do we say a person is suffering from high blood pressure and what can it cause?
140/90
| can lead to heart disease and affect organs of vital organs of brain and kidney
167
What is CAD?
often refferd as atherosclerosis, affects the arteries that supplies the blood to the heart
caused the deposition of CALCIUM , FAT, CHOLESTEROL, FIBROUS TISSUE
increases the BP
168
For how long does atrial and ventricular systole take place ?
atrual systole : 0.1 s
| ventricular systole : 0.3 sec
169
What is the meaning of angina pectoris ?
acute chest pain when not enough blood is reaching the heart
170
What is the meaning of heart failure ?
in ability of heart to pump blood
171
What is cardiac arrest?
when the heart stops beating
172
What is the meaning of myocardial infaction ?
when hte lumen of hte artery of heart becomes small causes angina pectoris
173
What is myocardial infaction?
when the blood supply to the heart stops and the myocardial cells die ( HEART ATTACK )
174
What is the coronary artery bypass grafting? Which vein is used?
blockage in the aorta is called coronary bypass grafting
spehnous vein is used to replace the section of the aorta
175
What type of blood circulation do we have during the embryonic stage ?
mixed blood supply
176
What is the meaning of varicose vein ? Which vein is the most commonly affected?
when the veins become dialated
the spehnous vein is the most commonly affected vein
177
What is the cytoskeleon of RBC composed of?
Stromain
178
What is the cytoskeleton of platelet composed of?
Thrombostenin
179
Who discovered the ABO blood grouping system?
Lansteiner
180
Who discovered the Rh+- bloodgrouping system?
Weiner and Landsteine
181
Who discovered the blood circulation?
William Harvey
182
What is the type of circulation of cephalpopods?
Closed
183
No of Hb in RBC?
26.5 crore
184
No of Hb in RBC?
26.5 crore
