4.3 Classification And Evolution

Question 1

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

Answer 1

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

Describe the binomial naming system

Answer 2

Two part
Genus + species (in italics/underlined)
Genus = Capital
Species = lowercase

Question 3

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 3

Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 4

Describe prokaryotae

Answer 4

No membrane bound organelles
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Naked DNA
Unicellular
External digestion: heterotrophic, autotrophic, saprotrophic

Question 5

Describe Protoctista

Answer 5

Eukaryotic
Membrane bound organelles
Cell wall
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Unicellular or multicellular

Question 6

Describe Fungi

Answer 6

Eukaryotic
Membrane bound organelles
Chitin cell wall
Heterotrophic and saprotrophic
Reproduce by releasing spores from hyphae in mycelium
Multi/unicellular
Multinucleated cytoplasm

Question 7

Describe plantae

Answer 7

Eukaryotes, membrane bound organelles, cellulose cell wall, autotrophic (photosynthesis), multicellular

Question 8

Describe Animalia

Answer 8

Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Mobile
Membrane bound organelles

Question 9

What evidence has led to new classification systems?

Answer 9

Observable/morphological features
DNA based sequences
Biochemistry: proteins (RNA polymerase and cytochrome C)
Amino acid sequence
Ribosomal RNA
Behaviours (feeding, predatory, courtship)
Shared phylogeny

Question 10

What are the three domains?

Answer 10

Bacteria, Archaea, eukaryotes

Question 11

Describe bacteria

Answer 11

Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, less complex RNA polymerases than eukaryotes, different amino acids in protein synthesis, circular chromosomes and plasmids, no histones, no organelles

Question 12

Describe archaea

Answer 12

Prokaryotic, no peptidoglycan cell wall, complex RNA polymerases, circular chromosomes and plasmids, has histones, no organelles

Question 13

Describe eukaryotes

Answer 13

Eukaryotic, cell wall in plants and fungi: polysaccharide, complex RNA polymerases, linear chromosomes, histones, organelles, larger ribosomes

Question 14

Relationship between classification and phylogeny

Answer 14

Classification: placing organisms into groups/categories based on similarities and differences
Phylogeny: closeness of evolutionary relationships

Modern taxonomic classification reflects phylogeny

Question 15

What did Darwin find?

Answer 15

Offspring look like parents
No two individuals are identical
Organisms produce large numbers of offspring
Populations in nature remain fairly stable

Question 16

Evidence for theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 16

Fossils, DNA, biological molecules

Question 17

Define intraspecific and interspecific variation

Answer 17

Intraspecific: variation within a species
Interspecific: variation between species

Question 18

Describe continuous variation

Answer 18

No distinct categories, polygenic, affected by environment, intermediate values

Question 19

Describe discontinuous variation

Answer 19

Distinct categories
Determined by one or few genes
Unaffected by the environment
No intermediate values

Question 20

What are anatomical/structural adaptations?

Answer 20

Structures that increase chances of survival

Question 21

What are physiological adaptations?

Answer 21

Processes in cells which increase chances of survival

Question 22

What are behavioural adaptations?

Answer 22

Change in behaviour to aid survival

Question 23

What are homologous structures?

Answer 23

Same evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in the adult of a species e.g. pentadactyl limb

Question 24

What are analogous structures?

Answer 24

Different structures similar functions

Question 25

Define divergent evolution

Answer 25

Species have the same common ancestor and share similar characteristics

Question 26

Describe convergent evolution

Answer 26

Species which are not closely related adapt in similar environments to fulfill the same niche so share similar characteristics e.g. marsupial and placental mole

Question 27

Describe the process of evolution by natural selection

Answer 27

Genetic variation Due to mutation Mutation is random Sexual selection Large numbers of offspring Selection pressure Those with advantageous mutation more likely to survive and reproduce Pass on allele/inherited by offspring Overtime, increase in allele frequency