4.3: Evolution and Classification new

Question 1

What is the linnaean classification?

Answer 1

• (Domain)
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Question 2

What are the three domains?

Answer 2

Archaea, eubacteria, eukarya

Question 3

What are the five kingdoms?

Answer 3

Prokaryota
Fungi
Plantea
Anamalia
Protista

Question 4

What is autotrophic?

Answer 4

Gain nutrients by doing photosynthesis

Question 5

What is heterotrophic

Answer 5

Gain nutrients by digesting and absorbing food

Question 6

What is saprophytic?

Answer 6

Feeding on decaying matter

Question 7

What are reasons for classification?

Answer 7

• Identify species
• Predict characteristics of certain organisms we have
• Find evolutionary links

Question 8

What is phylogeny?

Answer 8

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 9

What is a phylogeny tree?

Answer 9

Is used to show evolutionary links

• Shows evolutionary timeline
• Continuous

Question 10

What is evidence for evolution?

Answer 10

Paleontology
Comparative anatomy
Comparative biochemistry

Question 11

What is paleontology and how can we use it as evidence for evolution?

Problems as well

Answer 11

Study of fossils

• Compare them to see if there are any similarities or differences
• Simple life forms evolved into more complex ones
• Find how closely related organisms might be based on similarities/differences in their structure
  Problem:
• Incomplete fossil record

Question 12

What is comparative biochemistry and how do we use it as evidence for evolution?

Answer 12

There is a protein called cytochrome c which is involved in respiration
They look at amino acid sequence for cytochrome C from different organisms and look at any similarities or differences

• Organisms that are closely related would have very similar or the same amino acid sequence

Question 13

What are the types of variation?

Answer 13

• Interspecific - Variation between species
• Intraspecific - Variation within species
• Continuous - Numerical (height), use line graph
• Discontinuous - categoric data (eye colour), use bar chart

Question 14

What are causes of variation?

Answer 14

Genetics:

• Alleles - dominant, recessive
• Mutations
• Meiosis - Crossing over (P1), independent assortment (Homologous chromosomes/Bivalent) (M1) + (Chromatids (M2)
• Random fertilisation

Environment

Question 15

What are the three different types of adaptations?

Answer 15

Behavioural:

• Activities and responses, whether inherited or learned

Anatomical:

• Physical structures, both internal and external

Physicological:

• Internal biological functions

Question 16

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 16

Two species have evolved from the same common ancestor

Question 17

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 17

Two species share similar adaptations in the same habitat but have different evolutionary origin

Question 18

How can anatomical adaptations provide evidence for evolution?

Answer 18

Homologous structure - appear different on the outside but have a similar underlying structure

Evidence for divergent evolution

Analogous structure - similar appearances and function but have different underlying structure and different origin

Evidence for convergent evolution

Question 19

What are the four purposes of classification?

Answer 19

• Identify new species
• Study evolutionary relationships
• Understand shared traits and adapadations
• Share research globally to identify links with organisms on other continents

Question 20

What are the features of the domain bacteria?

Answer 20

• Contains the kingdom eubacteria only, found in all environments
• Prokaryotic unicellular organisms
• Distinct cell membrane lipids
• Have peptidoglycan in cell wall
• Unique RNA polymerase enzyme

Question 21

What are the features of the domain archea?

Answer 21

• Contains the kingdom archea only, typically found in extreme environments
• Prokaryotic unicellular organisms
• Have histones so gene and protein synthesis is more similar to eukarya then bacteria
• No peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Different cell membranes that contain fatty acids bound to glycerol by ether linkages

Question 22

What are the features of the domain eukarya?

Answer 22

• Contains four kingdoms from the five kingdom system: Animalia, plantea, fungi, prototicsta
• All have nuclei and membrane bound organelles

Question 23

What is a disadvantage of early classification?

Answer 23

Relied on only visible features

Question 24

What are four examples of anatomical adaptations?

Answer 24

• Body coverings - fur, feathers, scales protect organisms and support their survival
• Camouflage - organisms with colouration that blends into their environment are less likely to be detected
• Mimicry - some species imitate the appearance of more dangerous ones for protection
• Teeth - the shape of an animal’s teeth are adapted to its diet

Question 25

What are three examples of behavioural adaptations?

Answer 25

* Defensive responses - for example, opossums play dead and rabbits freeze to avoid detection by predation * Courtship - for example, male scorpions dance to attract mates * Seasonal actions - migration helps access resources year - round and hibernation helps bears conserve energy when food is scarce

Question 26

What are three examples of physiological adaptations?

Answer 26

* Venom - used by snakes to immobilise prey and by planys to deter herbivores * Antibodies - produced by bacteria to outcompete rival species * Water storage - desert grass can survive for a year without water source by storing water in their bodies

Question 27

What are selection pressures?

Answer 27

Environmental factors that affect their survival and reproduction

Question 28

What are three selection pressures?

Answer 28

Predation Competition for resources Disease

Question 29

What is the proccess of natural selection?

Answer 29

1. There is variation in characteristics within a species 2. More genetic variation emerges within a population due to random mutations 3. Individuals with alleles that code for traits that are advantageous for survival are more likely to reproduce 4. These advantageous alleles are passed down to offspring 5. Over time, these beneficial alleles became more common in the population

Question 30

How do pest resistant insects come about?

Answer 30

1. Some insects develop random mutations that provide resistance to antibodies 2. When antibiotics are used, only the resistant bacteria survive, while the others die off 3. The resistant bacteria reproduce, passing on resistant alleles to their offspring 4. Over time, the production of resistant alleles increase, leading to mostly resistant bacteria

Question 31

What is a student's t test?

Answer 31

Statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the mean values of a particular variable across two populations

Question 32

What are the conditions of a t test?

Answer 32

* Data must be continuous and normally distributed * The variances of the population be equal * The samples must be independent of each other

Question 33

What is spearman's rank correlation coefficient?

Answer 33

Measure the strength and direction of association between two continuous variables that are not normally distributed

Question 34

How is bacteria different to eukaryotes and archaea?

Answer 34

* Different cell membrane structure * Flagella with a different internal structure * Different enzymes (RNA polymerase) for synthesising RNA * No proteins bound to their genetic material * Different mechanisms for DNA replication and for synthesising RNA

Question 35

What features do archaea share with eukaryotes?

Answer 35

* Similar enzymes (RNA polymerase) for synthesising RNA * Similar mechanisms for DNA replication and synthesising RNA * Production of some proteins that bind to their DNA

Question 36

What is artificial classification?

Answer 36

* Based on only a few characteristis * Does not reflect any evolutionary relationships * Provides limited information * Is stable

Question 37

What is natural classification?

Answer 37

* Uses many characteristics * Reflects evolutionary relationships * Provides a lot of useful information

Question 38

What is natural selection?

Answer 38

Used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population

Question 39

What did Darwin do?

Answer 39

Discovered that what appeared to be a wide range of bird species were actually all closely related species Speices had arrived on the islands from the mainland and had then evolved to form many different species

Question 40

What did Wallace do?

Answer 40

Independently came ot the same conclusions as Darwin. Made collections in both the American and in south east Africa

Question 41

What were Darwin's conclusions? (summarised) | 3x

Answer 41

* There is a struggle to survive * Better adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics * Over time, a number of changes may give rise to a new species