43. Hollow Organs Flashcards
(32 cards)
Hollow organ
organ with a tube, pouch, or cavity
Lumen
the channel within a tube or the cavity within an organ
Ostium
opening into a tube
Perforation
a hole or opening in an organ, usually considered a negative outcome (e.g. stomach perforation)
Imperforate
lack of an opening where there should be (e.g. imperforate anus in a puppy or kitten)
Atresia
abnormal closure or absence of an orifice or passage, often refers to a luminal structure constricted to the point of preventing flow
-otomy
to cut or make an incision into (e.g. cystotomy - to cut into the bladder), incision closed when procedure is finished
-ostomy
surgically creating a new opening that will remain open (e.g. tracheotomy - creating an opening between the trachea and the skin)
-ectomy
surgical removal (e.g. hysterectomy - removal of the uterus), can be complete or partial
-pexy
surgical fixation (e.g. gastropexy - suturing the stomach to the body wall to prevent GDV)
What are the abdominal hollow organs?
- stomach
- small intestines
- large intestines
- gallbladder
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- reproductive tract
What are the thoracic hollow organs?
- heart
- esophagus
- trachea
What are 3 diagnostic techniques useful for evaluating hollow organs?
- radiography
- fluoroscopy (real-time radiography with contrast)
- endoscopy
What are we looking for when we use contrast to evaluate a hollow organ?
- leakage
- obstructions/strictures
- assess diameter/size
What are some samples we typically collect to evaluate hollow organs?
- routine: cystocentesis
- routine (but requires sedation): tracheal wash, transtracheal wash, bronchoalveolar lavage
- not routine by possible: cholecystocentesis, nephrocentesis
What types of endoscopy can we perform?
- esophagoscopy
- gastroscopy
- duodenoscopy
- colonoscopy
- tracheoscopy/bronchoscopy
- cystourethroscopy
Halsted’s Principles of Surgery
- gentle tissue handling
- accurate hemostasis
- sharp anatomic dissection of tissues
- strict asepsis
- no tension on tissues
- appropriate use of instruments and materials
- obliteration of dead space
What are the 4 major tissue layers found in most hollow organs?
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
Suture pattern considerations
- appositional - use for small lumen diameter (smaller-sized animals, avoids further narrowing)
- inverting - more suture security, especially when lumen diameter not a concern (larger-sized animals, stomach)
- everting - not often used for bowel surgery
*MUST BE LEAK-PROOF
What are 3 types of inverting suture patterns?
- Lembert
- Connell (inside lumen)
- Cushing (outside lumen)
What are 4 basic surgical principles of gastrotomy?
- stay sutures
- laparotomy sponges
- intraperitoneal irrigation
- clean/dirty instrumentation
What are 2 indications for gastrotomy?
- foreign body removal
- gastric biopsy
Gastrotomy closure
closure in 2 layers:
- mucosa and submucosa (simple interrupted or simple continuous)
- muscularis and serosa (inverting pattern - Lembert, Connell, or Cushing)
*SUBMUCOSA = HOLDING LAYER
What are 3 basic surgical principles of enterotomy?
- delicate tissue handling
- respect the blood supply
- protect against leakage of intestinal contents
