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APUSH > Revolution Key Terms > Flashcards

Revolution Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Internal/External Taxes

A

Same as direct and indirect taxes. External taxes were places on trading (imports and exports) while internal taxes were on colonial affairs. Internal taxes angered the colonists more so than external taxes. The Stamp Act is an example of an Internal Tax

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2
Q

Non importation

A

The refusal of importing items that had a duty placed on them (would not consume British goods). This was used as a tactic to fight against Acts the colonists did not like, such as the Townshend Acts.

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3
Q

Republic Motherhood

A

Women would raise children to be leaders in the republican society.

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4
Q

Writs of Assistance

A

A blanket search warrant. This angered many colonists because they felt that is was going against their basic rights. They were put in place to try to prevent smuggling.

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5
Q

Branches of Government

A

The Virginia Constitution set the basis for the branches of government. They also gave the power to the people. The three branches are executive, legislative, and judicial. This separates the power so that no singular part of the government becomes too strong and takes away the liberties of the people.

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6
Q

Loyalists

A

These were people who wanted to stay loyal to the British government and did not want to form America. They thought that leaving Britain had more of a risk than a benefit. About 19,000 of them severed for Britain and they outnumbered the continental soldiers 2:1, they also served longer terms than the continental soldiers. Some state governments banned loyalists.

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7
Q

Federalists

A

People who supported the Constitution and strengthening the union.

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8
Q

Anti-Federalists

A

People who did not support the Constitution

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9
Q

Regulators

A

There was little local government in the backcountry of the Carolinas. In South Carolina the regulator movement was organized by settlers in the backcountry to restore law and order and establish institutions of local government. They were cracked down on, some were hanged, many fled, South Carolina entered the war a split state.

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10
Q

Moderators

A

Victims of the regulators, were often subjected to whippings and beatings.

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11
Q

Cosmopolitans

A

free from local, provincial, or national ideas, prejudices, or attachments. Cosmopolitans were merchants, professionals, urban artisans, commercial farmers, southern planters, and the continental army. They supported an aggressive trade policy, hard money, leniency to loyalists and good salaries for judges and officials.

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12
Q

Localists

A

These were farmers, rural artisans, and militia veterans. They distrusted the policies of the cosmopolitans. They wanted paper money and debtor relief and supported generous salaries for representatives so that everyone could serve, which the cosmopolitans did not like.

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13
Q

Sons of Liberty

A

A political organization formed in favor of independence from Britain. They formed in 1765 after the stamp act was passed, and took action to try to stop it. They started riots, burned the statehouse, and hung effigies. Many of these people formed the committees of correspondence. They also organized the Boston tea party. First organized in Boston, they spread to other parts of the soon to be country as well.

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14
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

Set up government in Canada, Florida, other conquered colonies and honored wartime commitments to western indians. The proclamation line was put in place to try to limit western expansion past the appalachian mountains. This annoyed many colonists who wanted to continue to expand.

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15
Q

Pontiac’s War

A

The Six nations felt threatened and the government lost indian leverage due to the lack of gifts. One leader had a vision that God wanted the Indians to return to their old ways. Indian nations attacked 13 British posts in hopes of driving them further east. The british then distributed smallpox infected blankets killing many of the Indians.

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16
Q

Paxton Boys

A

A group of Scots Irish from Pennsylvania that murdered Indians at a time when British believed that all Indians were enemies.

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17
Q

Sugar Act

A

The sugar act was put in place by Grenville, in the name of raising money to defend, protect, and secure the colonies. There were duties on wine, coffee, and most importantly molasses. This act launched Grenville’s war against smugglers by increasing paperwork and permitting seizures of ships.

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18
Q

Currency Act of 1764

A

The Currency Act forbade colonies from issuing paper money, all duties must be paid in gold or silver. This act was addressing an issue because the sugar and stamp acts required payment in gold or silver.

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19
Q

Quartering Act of 1765

A

This act was requested by General Gage. It allowed soldiers to be quartered in public buildings and the colonists had to provide for their soldiers. Colonial assemblies had to vote on specific supplies to supply the soldiers with.

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20
Q

Stamp Act

A

The Stamp Act was put in place by Grenville, he claimed that it was not taxation without representation because the colonists were represented in Parliament. The stamp act was passed on legal document, newspapers, playing cards, and dice. These items had to be stamped by a British official. This was an Internal Tax, which angered the colonists, who sent in petitions that were ignored. The Sons of Liberty in Boston used violence to fight the Stamp Acts and they forced Stamp masters to resign, causing the Stamp Act to be nullified.

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21
Q

Stamp Act Congress

A

They condemned the Stamp Act and Sugar Acts because they thought that they were not being represented.

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22
Q

Stamp Act Resolutions

A

Patrick Henry proposed seven resolutions against the Stamp Act, all of which were widely printed in the press. Five of the resolutions were passed by The House of Burgesses.

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23
Q

Declaratory Act

A

This Act was passed in response to the nullification of the Stamp Act to demonstrate that Britain had power over the colonies. It said that Parliament had power to make laws for the colonies, and it implied that they had the power to tax them.

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24
Q

Revenue Act of 1766

A

Lowered the duty placed on molasses to one penny, but it was now imposed on all molasses, British and Foreign.

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25
Q

Charles Townshend

A

A British politician who implemented the Townshend program and Acts. Part of the Townshend program was the relocation of the soldiers from the frontier to the coast, implying distrust of the colonists.

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26
Q

New York Restraining Act

A

The governor couldn’t sign any law without complying to the Quartering Act.

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27
Q

Townshend Acts of 1767

A

Placed duties on tea, paper, glass, led, and removed duties on tea. It was meant to raise money to pay for the colonists governors and judges that were previously paid by colonial assemblies. This took power away from the colonists. This act led to violence and non-importation. Soldiers were also brought into Boston to try to prevent riots.

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28
Q

Circular Letter

A

A document created by Massachusetts in response to the Townshend Acts that was sent to other colonies to urge them to resist the new acts, written by Sam Adams

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29
Q

Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer

A

letters written by lawyer John Dickinson, spoke of issues with Townshend acts and were important in uniting colonists against the acts

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30
Q

American Board of Customs Commissioners

A

Created to enforce the trade and revenue laws. Located in Boston.

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31
Q

Second Wilkes Crisis

A

John Wilkes was a member of Parliament and a radical opposition journalist who was exiled. When Wilkes returned, sentenced to one year in prison, which angered many British who wanted his liberty, and led to the Massacre of St. George’s Fields (prison soldiers, shot a few rioters). Wilkes was continually elected to the House of Commons and was continually expelled, which provoked a constitutional crises, caused the Sons of Liberty to identify with Wilkes, and the colonists to question the decency of the British government.

32
Q

Partial Repeal of Townshend Acts

A

Lord North asked Parliament to repeal all of the Townshend Acts except for the one on Tea. Tea was the most profitable. This was followed by the collapse of non-importation and a surge of importation of British goods.

33
Q

Boston Massacre

A

Violence between soldiers and civilians in Boston came to a boiling point when a crowd threw rocks and snowballs at the sentinel guarding the customs house. This led to other soldiers coming out and resulted in the death of 5 colonists. This is often used as a piece of propaganda to make the British look bad. This was during a period of economic downturn in Boston.

34
Q

Committees of correspondence

A

A group of people that spread anti-British Propaganda and helped to unite the colonies.

35
Q

Gaspee Affair

A

Rhode Islanders attacked a British ship, they wounded the captain and then burned it. This came after the Repeal of the Townshend Acts and everyone accused refused to talk on trial. Colonies were blaming each other for failing to win a complete repeal of the duties.

36
Q

Tea Act of 1773

A

Repealed import duties on tea in England but kept the Townshend duty in the colonies, also gave the East India Company a monopoly on shipping and distribution of Tea in the colonies. Patriots used direct threats against the captains of the ships. Passed by Lord North.

37
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

December 16, 1773. Bostonians dressed as Indians dumped a ton of tea into the Boston Harbor. Organized by the Sons of Liberty.

38
Q

Coercive Acts

A

Boston Port Act, New Quartering Act, Administration of Justice Act, Massachusetts Government Act. (Known as the Intolerable Acts)

39
Q

Boston Port Act

A

Closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the tea

40
Q

New Quartering Act

A

allowed army to quarter soldiers on civilian property if necessary

41
Q

Administration of Justice Act

A

a response to the Boston Massacre that allowed a British soldier or official charged of a crime to be tried in England or another colony

42
Q

Massachusetts Government Act

A

Most controversial of Coercive Acts, made the council appointive and restricted town meetings

43
Q

Quebec Act

A

Established French Civil law and the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec, gave legislative power to and appointive governor and council and extended the boundaries of Quebec. Also there was no jury in civil cases but there was in criminal cases.

44
Q

Intolerable Acts

A

The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act combined. They were passed to demonstrate the credibility of Parliament.

45
Q

First Continental Congress

A

Purpose was to repeal acts that infringed on their liberties. Every Colony except for Georgia sent delegates. They petitioned the King and began to meet as a central government for the colonies. They met in Philadelphia and tried to set laws for the colonies to follow.

46
Q

New England Restraining Act

A

Stopped all commerce between new England and anywhere except England and the West Indies, not allowed to use Atlantic fisheries

47
Q

Battle of Lexington and Concord

A

The first battles of the Revolutionary War. Paul Revere helped warn people that the British were coming to Concord.

48
Q

Battle of Bunker Hill

A

Took place at Bunker Hill, colonists besieged boston. The outcome was Bunker Hillism which was a belief that the colonists could successfully fight the british by fortifying the hills and waiting for an assault.

49
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

They voted to form a continental army and George Washington was to be the commanding general. They found it difficult to supply soldiers due to lack of money. They authorize an invasion of Canada but were unable to take Montreal or Quebec.

50
Q

Olive Branch Petition

A

Affirmed the colonists loyalty to Britain and wanted King George to make peace. King refused to receive it which in turn angered the colonists even more.

51
Q

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms

A

Written by Thomas Jefferson to justify resistance, but it said that they did not mean to dissolve the union.

52
Q

Common Sense

A

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to help win over the Middle Colonies and undecided colonists. Sold over 100,000 copies.

53
Q

Declaration of Independence

A
  1. Written by Thomas Jefferson and other prominent colonists. It was voted yes by all colonies except for New York. Declared the colonial goal of obtaining Independence and stated why.
54
Q

Trenton Princeton Campaign

A

Took place in the winter before many of the colonists terms were about to end. Washington led them across the Delaware and surprised the Trenton Garrison, leading to two victories. This increased morale and hope.

55
Q

Saratoga

A

Fort Ticonderoga fell to and Burgoyne surrendered his army at Saratoga. This was a turning point in the war because it prompted the French to join America’s side, America could not have won without France’s help.

56
Q

French Intervention

A

The French supplied people and supplies. They signed 2 treaties, one that promised allegiance and recognized the independence of America, and one that gave trading terms with America. Britain then declared war on France.

57
Q

Attrition

A

process of gradually reducing the strength or effectiveness of someone or something through sustained attack or pressure, weakened US

58
Q

Thoughts on Government

A

Written by John Adams. Influenced the men drafting Virginia’s constitution, which other states then followed. He said there should be a separation of power in the Government. He said that governments exist to promote the happiness of the people. A form of government based on virtue is a republic. Tried to find a way to separate everyday legislation and the power to create a constitution.

59
Q

Virginia Constitution

A

Virginia adopted a permanent republican constitution. It divided the government into branches and gave the power to legislature. It promoted life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

60
Q

Pennsylvania Constitution

A

Noted the dangers of giving power to the government. Initial plan for separation of power didn’t work that well, and eventually was overthrown for bicameral legislature and elective governor

61
Q

Massachusetts Constitution

A

Introduced the idea of representatives in proportion to the population. There was a growing distrust of legislature. This was a closet to the final version of the Constitution for America, was written by Adams.

62
Q

Articles of Confederation

A
  1. Only could be ratified once western land claims were relinquished. Each state had one vote. 9 votes were needed to pass a law and 13 votes were needed to make amendments. It included the powers to wage war. treaties, diplomats, and to borrow money. There was no power to tax, regulate trade, and there was no way to enforce laws.
63
Q

Remember the Ladies 1776

A

Written by Abigail Adams to John Adams telling him to remember the ladies of the nation.

64
Q

Yorktown

A

Victory for the colonists. Washington besieged Cornwallis in Yorktown until he surrendered his army of 8,000 men. This brought down the British government, Lord North resigned and the British concentrated their remaining forces in NYC.

65
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

Ended the war in 1783. It noted the validity of prewar trans-atlantic debts and promised to urge the states to give the loyalists back their property. The Indians were mad because this gave their land to the US. The western boundary became mississippi and the colonists now had fishing rights off of Canada.

66
Q

Emancipation

A

The revolution freed a bunch of slaves but also increased slavery in the South. However, slavery was abolished in the North and the British army freed slaves that fought for it. In the south slaves were essential to the economy and the new potential of cotton.

67
Q

Land ordinance of 1785

A

Surveyed and divided land into townships

68
Q

North West Ordinance

A

3-5 states equal in size to the original 13 and there was a congressionally appointed governor. Provided civil liberties, public education, and no slavery

69
Q

Shays Rebellion

A

Protest against courts from conducting business. Poor people protest led by Daniel Shay that attacked the Federal Arsenal in Springfield and won seats in assembly to pass law, made many convert to nationalists (people who support strengthening central government)

70
Q

Philadelphia Convention

A

This is where the Constitution was written. They met to discuss problems with the Articles of Confederation and they ended up creating the Constitution.

71
Q

Virginia Plan

A

Plan created by Madison that included bicameral legislature, representation by population, gave power to Congress, and vague principles of taxes and trade.

72
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

Gave Congress power to levy import duties and a stamp tax, to regulate trade, and to use force to collect requisitions. Each state had one vote.

73
Q

Connecticut Compromise

A

Created with the people’s desires in mind, eventually turned to the Constitution, involved 2 year terms for reps, 6 for senators, 4 years for president, had electors, one house based on population and one the same for every state. Connecticut was worried about getting enough representation if representation was based on population alone.

74
Q

3/5 compromise

A

Slaves were counted as ⅗ of a person for both taxes and representation.

75
Q

Federalist no. 10

A

Said that larger republics were more successful and stable than small ones despite precedent set. Part of the 85 Federalist Essays

76
Q

Ratification

A
  1. The Constitution was first ratified by the small stated and then others followed. Federalists promoted the Constitution in the newspaper. The Federalist Papers were written in support of the Constitution. Passed after it was ratified by 11 states, New York and Rhode Island joined by 1790
77
Q

Salutary Neglect

A

The British were ignoring that people were not following the laws they set. This set a bad precedent for when the British wanted them to follow the laws.

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