Biology Chapter 5

Question 1

Explain how nanotechnology might be used to power microscopic robots.

Answer 1

Certain cells can use glycolysis to convert sugar to energy, if a larger set of the same enzymes could be produced it could power a nanorobot.

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

The capacity to cause change

Question 3

kinetic energy

Answer 3

The energy of motion

Question 4

Potential energy

Answer 4

Stored energy caused by a cell’s location or structure

Question 5

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Answer 5

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

Question 6

Explain the relationship between heat and entropy

Answer 6

Every energy conversion releases random energy in the form of heat.

Question 7

Entropy

Answer 7

The measure of disorder or randomness in a system

Question 8

Compare the processes by which a car and a human use “fuel” to perform work.

Answer 8

Cars use octane and oxygen to fuel combustion to perform work.

People use glucose and oxygen to fuel cellular respiration to perform work.

Both processes produce carbon dioxide and water as waste.

Question 9

calorie

Answer 9

the amount of energy that can raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree celsius

Question 10

kilocalorie

Answer 10

Food Calorie, equal to 1,000 calories

Question 11

Explain how ATP powers cellular work.

Answer 11

ATP stores power released from food, and releases it as needed.

Question 12

Explain how ATP is recycled.

Answer 12

ATP is recylced from ADP and a phosphate group through cellular respiration

Question 13

Explain why enzymes are needed in living organisms.

Answer 13

Enzymes are needed in living organisms because they are required for most metabolic reactions

Question 14

Explain how enzymes are able to speed up specific chemical

reactions.

Answer 14

Enzymes speed up specific chemical reactions by reducing the amount of activation energy needed to break the bonds of reactant molecules

Question 15

Explain how inhibitors and poisons can affect enzyme activity.

Answer 15

Enzyme inhibitors either bind to the active site or near it so the enzyme cannot bind to it.

Question 16

diffusion versus osmosis

Answer 16

Diffusion: the movement of molecules so they spread out evenly over a space

Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

(Osmosis is a type of diffusion)

Question 17

passive transport versus active transport

Answer 17

Passive transport: diffusion of a substance across a membrane without the input of energy

Active transport: requires that a cell expends energy to move molecules across a membrane

Question 18

hypertonic versus hypotonic

Answer 18

Hypertonic: higher concentration of solute

Hypotonic: lower concentration of solute

Question 19

endocytosis versus exocytosis,

Answer 19

Endocytosis: the intake of material through transport vesicles

Exocytosis: the secretion of large molecules in transport vesicles

Question 20

phagocytosis versus pinocytosis.

Answer 20

Phagocytosis: cellular eating, where a cell envelops particle and packages it within a food vacuole

Pinocytosis: cellular drinking, where a cell gulps droplets of fluid into vesicles

Question 21

Explain how signal transduction pathways permit environmental stimuli to impact the activities inside of a cell.

Answer 21

They relay signals by converting them to chemical forms that can function within a cell

Question 22

Explain why phospholipids were probably some of the first organic compounds to form as life emerged on Earth

Answer 22

Phospholipids were probably some of the first organic compounds to form as life emerged on earth because they are the main ingredient in plasma membranes, which all cells have.