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IP 11 Ophthalmology > 14 - food and fiber ophtho > Flashcards

14 - food and fiber ophtho Flashcards

1
Q

The orbit in a ruminant is open or closed?

A

Closed

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2
Q

THe orbit in the pig is open or closed?

A

Open

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3
Q

What is the shape of a pig’s pupils?

A

Round - similar to people

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4
Q

Granula iridica (corpora nigra) is present in what animals?

A

Ruminants and horses

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5
Q

Which two animals do NOT have a tapetum?

A

Pigs, camelids

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6
Q

What ruminant has a kidney bean shaped optic disc?

A

Sheep

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7
Q

T/F: ruminants have a holangiotic fundus.

A

True

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8
Q

Congenital causes of micropthalmia in ruminants

A

Teratogenic exposure during development

Viral diseases: blue tongue in small ruminants and BVD in cattle

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9
Q

Cyclopia/Synopthalmos is a congenital disorder that occurs when the fetus is exposed to the plant ______ on day ____ in utero.

A

veratrum californicum; day 14

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10
Q

Two reasons for exophthalmos in ruminants

A

Neoplasia and Inflammatory (frontal sinusitis, foreign body migration, actinobacillus spp.)

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11
Q

Lymphosarcoma in the eye is most commonly presented bilaterally or unilaterally?

A

Bilaterally

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12
Q

Between cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, which species is entropion most common in?

A

Sheep

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13
Q

Entropion in sheep is an inherited abnormlaity that is usually _____ (bilateral/unilateral), and has an early onset within ___-___ days.

A

bilateral; 2-3 days

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14
Q

Ideal tx vs economically practical tx for entropion

A

Surgery is ideal

Scarification is more parctical

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15
Q

Two methods to tx entropion via scarification:

A

Inject penicillin/tetracycline intot he eyelid - will cause scaring, and rotation of the eyelid outwards.

Or you can insert lidocaine into the lid and crush the tissue with hemostates to cause scaring.

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16
Q

T/F: Eyelid lacerations rarely need to be fixed surgically.

A

False - ALWAYS need to be repaired

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17
Q

Solar irritation (aka sunburn) to the eyelids is common in color ___ cattle.

A

Dilute

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18
Q

Photosensitization effects the eyelids in ruminants - it can be primary due to eating _____ and _____, or secondary due to _____ _____.

A

St. John’s wort and perennial rygrass

secondary to liver disease

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19
Q

Two neoplasias on eyelids in cattle

A

SCC and papillomas

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20
Q

T/F: Papillomas are self-limiting and often do not need tx.

A

True

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21
Q

Two pathogens in sheep and goats that are etiologic causes for keratoconjuctivitis

A

Chlamydia spp.

Mycoplasma spp.

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22
Q

C/S of keratoconjunctivitis in sheep and goats due to:

Chlamydia vs Mycoplasma

A

Both cause: epiphora/discharge; conjunctivitis/keratitis; polyarthritis; and outbreaks occur during lambing

Mycoplasma also causes mastitis and pleuropneumonia

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23
Q

Is it common to test for causes of keratoconjunctivitis in sheep and goats? What do we do when we suspect it?

A

Uncommon to test - not economically practical

Instead, we just give them topical and/or systemic oxytetracycline empirically

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24
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is caused by which virus?

A

Bovine herpes virus - BHV-1

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25
Q

In addition to respriatory disease and pyrexia, BHV-1 can also cause conjunctivitis in cattle. What are common C/S of conjunctivitis caused by this virus?

A

Plaques - filled with lymphocytes

Conjunctival ulcers

Diphtheritic membrane

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26
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) causes _____ vasculitis in cattle.

A

lymphocytic vasculitis

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27
Q

MCF causes uveitis in cattle, why does uveitis from from MCF?

A

B/c MCF causes a lymphocytic vasculitis - leading uveitis and corneal edema as a result of uveitis

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28
Q

C/S of MCF

A

Systemic illness and diffuse, corneal edema with uveitis

29
Q

Why does Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) cause a large economic impact in cattle?

A

Decreased weight gain

Reduced milk production

Costs of tx

Ocular disfigurement - can lead to blindness, and can lead to head being condemned in slaughter

30
Q

What contributing pathogens predipose to infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Mycoplasma

Branhamella

Listeria

31
Q

what is the #1 suspect of IBK? What are two other suspects?

A

1 = Moraxella bovis

Others: Moraxella ovis and Moraxella bovoculi

32
Q

Moraxella bovis is a _____ (shape), gram ____ baceteria. Over ___ serogroups have ____ that assist with attachment to epithelium, causing those to pathogenic. Some even contain _____ enzyme that assists in the penetration through the epithelium.

A

coccobacillus

negative

7

pili

beta-hemolysin

33
Q

Moraxella ovis and Moraxella bovoculi are also thought to be associated with IBK, but they are also part of the normal _____ of the eye.

A

flora

34
Q

IBK is most common in what season?

A

Summer

35
Q

How is IBK transmitted?

A

Nasal and ocular discharge - direct contact

Fly vectors

Fomites

36
Q

Breed and other susceptibilties to IBK?

A

Bos taurus >> bos indicus

Herefords

Young animals >> older animals

UV light exposre

37
Q

Tx of IBK

A

Use labeled antimicrobials:

topicals include oxytetracycline and vetericyn

Sysetmics include oxytetracycline and tulathromycin

Systemics are more practical than topicals.

You can also use corticosteroids, and ancillary therapy like eyepatch.

38
Q

Vaccine to prevent IBK includes which two Moraxella pathogens?

A

M. bovis and M. bovoculi, but NOT M. ovis.

39
Q

Why do vaccines against IBK prevnetion have limited efficacy?

A

Due to strain variability

40
Q

How else can you prevent IBK besides vaccines?

A

Mow pastures - minimzie dust/pollen and reudce occular trauma from long grasses

Control vectors (flys)

Separate infected and susceptible animals

Provide shade and ample space.

41
Q

Out of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, neoplasia affects which species MC?

A

Cattle

42
Q

C/S of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Often starts as a small plaque on the bulbar conjunctiva/cornea at limbus

Turns into papilloma –> carcinoma producing neoplasti cells –> invades basement membrane and becomes an invasive carcinoma

43
Q

Diagnosis of SCC

A

Biopsy as definitive dx

Often clinical appearance is enough to know it is a SCC before biopsy

44
Q

Tx of SCC

A

Sx + other modality

Exenteration = removal of the globe and orbital contents (= extirpate in food animal world)

45
Q

Two types of regional anesthesia done, which one is more common?

A

Peterson block - inject one large dose of lidocaine - can cause death if you inject direclty into optic nerve, not done often anymore.

Four point block - more common, smaller volumes of lidocaine given at four different points

46
Q

Two congenital reasons for cataracts in ruminants

A

Autosomal recessive in jersey, hereford, and holstein breeds.

In utero exposure to BVD

47
Q

Acquired reasons for cataracts in cattle/ruminants

A

Trauma, uveitis, systemic disease

48
Q

Acquired reasons for cataracts in swine

A

Hygromycin B

49
Q

Differential list for cortical blindness

A
  • Polioencephalomalacia
  • Lead poisoning
  • Ketosis - small ruminants
  • Locoweed
  • Lightning strikes
  • Infecitous diseases (scrapie, listeria, rabies)
50
Q

Camelids have an open or closed orbit?

A

Closed

51
Q

Camelid orbits open into the ___ cavity rostral to the orbit.

A

nasal

52
Q

Camelids have an ____ pupil.

A

Oval

53
Q

Camelids have ribbon-like _____ ____, aka _____.

A

Granula iridica (corpora nigra)

54
Q

T/F: Camelids have meibomian glands on their eyelids.

A

False - NO meibomian glands present

55
Q

T/F: Camelids have sebaceous glands on the lacrimal caruncle.

A

True.

56
Q

T/F: Camelids have a holangiatic fundus with no tapetum.

A

True

57
Q

The normal nasolacrimal system in camelids has three puncta - where are there locations:

A

2 in lacrimal - upper and lower

one in nasal - just proximal to vestibule

58
Q

What is dacryocystitis?

A

Inflammation of the lacrimal gland, secondary to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct at the level of the lacrimal sac

59
Q

Congenital malformations of the nasolacrmial system are common in camelids - which may include punctal or nasolacrimal duct atresia. How do we confirm and tx?

A

Confirm with dacryocystorhinogrpahy - contrast study to tell us where occlusion is

Tx - surigcal if easy to reach - to create puncta, if not easy to reach - not economically worth while to tx surgically

60
Q

T/F: Neoplasias of the eye are very common in camelids.

A

False - rare

61
Q

T/F: Cataracts are very common in camelids.

A

True

62
Q

We think cataracts in camelids are inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in _____ (europe)

A

Vicunas

63
Q

Cataracts can also be secondary to ____ or potentially associated with _____ virus.

A

uveitis; BVD virus

64
Q

Cataract surgery in camelids include:

A

Phacoemulsification

Irrigating solutions fortified with glutathione

Medial corneal incision placement

65
Q

Do camelids have a tapetum?

A

No

66
Q

What agents can cuase posterior uveitis in camelids?

A

EHV-1 (contact with equine)

Aspergillosis

Toxoplasmosis

67
Q

Ontop of causing posterior uveitis, EHV-1 and asperigillosis also have ____ signs associated with disease.

A

neurologic

68
Q

EHV-1 in camelids will cause posterior uvetiis, with neurologic signs, but also ___ neuritis.

A

optic

IP 11 Ophthalmology (13 decks)

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