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Ceutics > 434 - Midterm 1 > Flashcards

434 - Midterm 1 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Magnesium Oxide
/Carbonate

A

ADSORBANT
Excipient to keep powders dry

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2
Q
  • *ASCORBIC ACID**
  • *asc**obyl palmitate, sodium ascorbate
A
  • *ANTIOXIDANT**
  • *ASC** the antioxidant

prevents oxidation

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3
Q

SHELLAC** + **GELATIN

A

COATINGS

Prevent degradation due to oxygen, light, moisture, mask unpalatable taste

(regular coatings)

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4
Q

Starches, calcium salts, lactose, Cellulose

(and other sugars including mannitol and sorbitol)

A

DILUENTS / FILLER
To add size to very small dosages.

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5
Q
  • *SACCHARIN**
  • *Mannitol / Sorbitol**

Syrups, oils, saccharin, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, phenylalanine, xylitol

A

Flavoring Agents / Sweeteners

Masks bitter flavors, gives sweetness to a preparation.

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6
Q

MAGNESIUM STEARATE

calcium, PEG, glycerin, mineral oil

A

Lubricant / Anti-adherant

Helps keep ingredients from sticking to each other and to the equipment.

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7
Q

Sodium benzoate

benzoic acid

benzalkonium chloride

cetylepyridinium

A

PRESERVATIVES

BENZ / CETYL / PHENYL / PHENOL / PARABENS

Prevent growth of bacteria and other pathogens.

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8
Q

Mortar & Pestle

Coarse vs Smooth

A

•Coarse surface

•Particle size reduction of hard solids

•Emulsion formulation

•Caution – drug loss in mortar

Smooth = All other applications

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9
Q

COMMUNITION

A

Particle size reduction

Trituration – dry

Levigation – wet

Pulverization by intervention – dissolution and evaporation
for crystalline powders

Mechanical – electric grinder

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10
Q

Capsule Size

A

OPPOSITE DIRECTION

000 = LARGEST

2/3 = most common human caps

5 = smallest

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11
Q

Sweetener in oral Solutions

Saccharin, USP

A

0.02% to 0.1% w/w

Oil soluble;
bitter aftertaste

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12
Q

Saccharin Sodium, USP

Sweetener in Oral solutions

A

0.0075 to 0.6%

Water soluble;
bitter aftertaste

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13
Q

Stoke’s Law

A

Used to determine the

  • *VELOCITY**
  • Greater RADIUS = Faster Settling*
  • *Rate of settling** can be modified by:
  • Decreasing the difference between the density of the solid and liquid*

Increasing the viscosity of the fluid

Viscosity is best controlled by
adding viscosity enhancers or suspending agents

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14
Q

MethylCellulose

A

SUSPENDING AGENT
HydroPhylic Polymer

Grade number refers to the viscosity of a
2% aqueous solution

The greater the number, the greater the viscosity

4000cps = 4000x thicker than water

Prepared with
Heat & Tituration

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15
Q

Benzalkonium chloride NF

Polysorbate 20 NF (Tween 20)*

Polysorbate 80 NF (Tween 80)*

Sodium lauryl sulfate NF*

Sorbitan monostearate NF* (Span)

Glycerin

Mineral Oil**

A

Wetting/solubilizing agents

◦Used to lower surface tension between solid particles and liquids

◦Removes air from the powder in order to improve the ability of the powder to mix with the vehicle

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16
Q

Acacia, NF

Bentonite, NF

Bentonite Magma*

Carbomer resins, NF

Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium, USP

Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, NF

Tragacanth, NF

Xanthum Gum*

A

SUSPENDING AGENTS

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17
Q

Oral Suspension Components

A

◦Active drug

◦Inactive excipients:

Suspending agent/gelling agent
(surfactant, acacia, tragacanth, others)

Wetting agent

◦Sweetener (syrup)

◦Flavor

◦Color

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18
Q

Principles of Compounding Suspensions

WET HydroPhylic powders with?

A

HydroPhylic liquid** or **Surfactant
LIKE-LIKE

◦Thoroughly wet powders prior to adding the vehicle

◦Use the minimum amount of wetting agent required to produce the desired product

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19
Q

Principles of Compounding Suspensions

WET HydroPHOBIC powders with?

A

HydroPHOBIC liquid
LIKE-LIKE

◦Thoroughly wet powders prior to adding the vehicle

◦Use the minimum amount of wetting agent required to produce the desired product

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20
Q

EMULSIONS

3 Major Terms

A

Flocculation
controlled lacework-like structure of particles held together through weak van der Waals forces.

Creaming
Migration of the droplets of the internal phase to the top or bottom of the emulsion. The migration is caused by the difference in density between the two phases and the direction of the movement depends on whether the internal phase is more or less dense than the continuous or external phase.

Coalescence
The merging of small droplets into larger droplets with eventual complete separation of phases so that the droplets cannot be re-emulsified by simple shaking of the product. With coalescence, the barrier formed by the emulsifying agent is broken or destroyed.
This _irreversible_ coalescence of the droplets is also called cracking.

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21
Q

Desired properties of liquid emulsions

A

FINE DROPLET SIZES
Porcelain helps breaking up oil globules à uniform

Slow aggregation of droplets and product creaming
Most emulsions will eventually cream
Slow rate of creaming desired

Ease of redispersion when shaken
Aggregation and creaming may occur
Product should be formulated so that the internal phase readily redisperses to give a uniform emulsion when the product is shaken

◦Coalecence should not occur

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22
Q

Oleic Acid

Acacia

Span 80 = Sorbitan Monooleate

Tween 20

Study These Flashcards
A

EMULSIFYING AGENTS

Different

HLB VALUE

HLB 10+ = HydroPhylic

HLB 10< = HydroPHOBIC

23
Q

HLB > 10

Ex.
Tween 20

Study These Flashcards
A

HydroPhylic
emulsifying agents

More WATER SOLUBLE

Forms better OIL in WATER EMULSIONS

O/W

24
Q

HLB < 10

Ex.
Oleic Acid / Span 80

Study These Flashcards
A

HydroPHOBIC
emulsifying agents

Better Water in Oil solutions

w/o

25
* *Emulsions:** * *Considerations of what determines EMULSION TYPE?**
**_Emulsifier_** Surfactants/emulsifying agents can form either w/o or o/w emulsions **_Phase ratio_** Ratio of **internal phase volume** to **external phase volume** **_Order of mixing_** The **phase being added**, usually by portions, **tends to be the internal phase** The phase present in the **greater concentration** **tends to be the external phase**
26
If an **excessive amount of internal phase is added** any of the following may occur: **Internal Phase = Phase that is being ADDED** EX. **O/W** --\> **Adding Oil so OIL = Internal Phase** HydroPhylic
It will **all be emulsified** and **remain as separate droplets** ◦The **emulsion will coalesce** ◦**_Phase inversion occurs_** The **external phase becomes the dispersed droplets (internal phase)**
27
**_Continental method = Dry Gum_**
4:2:1 Initial emulsion formed with a prescribed ratio of ingredients **4 parts oil** : **2 parts water** : 1 part emulsifier **DRY = Oil is mixed with the Gum/emulsifier** VVV As **water is added LAST --\> PHASE INVERSION** **O/W Emulsion**
28
What type of topical base? ## Footnote **White petrolatum** **White ointment** **Yellow petrolatum**
**_Oleaginous Base_** Hydrocarbons Levigating Agent = Mineral Oil Occlusive
29
What type of topical base? ## Footnote **Aquabase** **Aquaphor** **HydroPhilic Petrolatum**
**_Absorption Base_** Hydrocarbon + **w/o Surfactant** 2nd most Oily Solid + Oils + Small # of aqueous solustions **Mineral Oil + Low HLB surfactant**
30
What type of topical base? ## Footnote **Eucerin** **Hydrocream** **Nivea**
**_W/O BASE_** Hydrocarbon base + **\<45% w/w water** + **w/o Surfactant HLB _\<_8** 3rd most Oily Moderate greasiness / occlusion
31
What type of topical base? ## Footnote **VANISHING CREAM** **Hydrophilic Ointment** **Dermabase**
**_O/W BASE_** **Water-removable base** Hydrophobic compounds + water + o/w surfactant Easy Spread / Washale / **Hydrous** **Glycerin + HIGH HLB surfactant**
32
What type of topical base? **PEG Ointment** **PolyBase**
**_Water-Soluble Base_** PEG Easy spread/wash + not greasy **Glycerin + Propylene Glycol**
33
What type of topical base? ## Footnote **MethylCellulose** **Carbomer Gels**
**_HydroPhylic Base_** = **GELS** Methylcellulose or Carbomer Dispersion ## Footnote **\>95% water content** **Glycerin + High HLB Surfactant**
34
**_Excipients_** In **Semisolid Dosage Forms**
**_Stiffening Agents_** **Waxes** w/ HIGH melting points Blend into oleaginous bases to ↑**viscosity**, uses **heat** **_Emulsifying Agents_** * *_Humectants_** * decrease the EVAP rate of water* * *_Preservatives_** * if there is WATER --\> NEED THIS* **_Absorption Enhancers_** for TDDD
35
Ointment Preparation **What to Levigate the solid material with if...?** **_OIL = EXTERNAL PHASE_**
**_MINERAL OIL_** Levigate the **solid material** in a **vehicle in which it is INSOLUBLE WITH** to make a smooth dispersion **External Phase = Most used base**
36
Ointment Preparation **What to Levigate the solid material with if...?** **_WATER = EXTERNAL PHASE_**
**_GLYCERIN_** Levigate the **solid material** in a **vehicle in which it is INSOLUBLE WITH** to make a smooth dispersion **External Phase = Most used base**
37
**Ointment Preparation** **_FUSION_**
all or some components of the ointment are **combined by being MELTED TOGETHER** & **Cooled w/ constant stirring --\> CONGEALED** **Glass Beaker or Porcelain Evap Dish** **Materials w/ *LOWEST Melting points*** --\> **added LAST**
38
**What type of Semisolid Dosage Form?** * *either**: * *W/O emulsion** or **O/W Emulsion** After applying --\> **water EVAPORATES** leaving a **thin residue film of the oleaginous component** applied to: **Moist / Weeping Lesions**​
**_CREAMS_**
39
**Cream Preparations**
**_Incorporation into existing cream/base_** titurate --\> rubber spatula to remove from M&P --\> ointment slab * *_Fusion Method_** * *oil soluble + Water soluble** --\> into **SEPERATE BEAKERS** **Both phases heated ABOVE MP of highest MP component** remove both from heat then ADD: **_AQUEOUS PHASE --\> OIL PHASE_**
40
**What type of Gel?** uniform distribution of **gelling agent & Liquid** with **no apparent boundaries** Gelling Agents = methylcellulose / tragacanth
**_SINGLE-PHASE GEL_**
41
**What type of Gel?** consists of **floccules of small distinct particles** often referred to as: **MAGMA** Gelling Agents = methylcellulose / tragacanth
**_TWO-PHASE GELS_**
42
**Suppository Bases** **Oleaginous Fatty Base**
MOST FREQUENTLY USED BASE * *_Cocoa Butter_** * low melting point* --\> needs room temp / fridge **_Hydrogenous Veggie Oils_** palm / coconut oils **_FattiBase**_ / _**Witepsol**_ / _**Fatty Blend_**
43
**Suppository Bases** **Water-Soluble Bases**
**_Glycerinated Gelatin_** 70 parts glycerin / 20 parts gelatin / 10 parts water ***does NOT melt*** --\> **DISSOLVES** *can adsorb moisture* * *_Polyethylene Glycol = PEG_** * does NOT melt* @ body temp --\> **DISSOLVED into BODY's FLUIDS** * slower release of meds from the base*
44
**Suppository Preparation** **Lubrication for Water-Soluble Base**?
***_OPPOSITE OF THE BASE_*** **MINERAL OIL LUBRICANT** for water-soluble base *use minimal lubricant* excessive lube --\> pools / misshapes suppositories
45
**Suppository Preparation** **Lubrication for Oil-Soluble Base**?
***_OPPOSITE OF THE BASE_*** **GLYCERIN** or **PEG** **lubricant** for oil-soluble base *use minimal lubricant* excessive lube --\> pools / misshapes suppositories
46
**Suppository Preparation** **Levigate drug with what?** for **Water-Soluble Base**
* *_GLYCERIN or PEG LUBRICANT_** * *Levigate with wetting agent = same property as base!** Preparation: **Tituration** of drug into uniform/small partical Drug is **mixed directly into base** OR **wetted b4 incorperation**
47
**Suppository Preparation** **Levigate drug with what?** for **Oil-Soluble Base**
* *_MINERAL OIL LUBRICANT_** * *Levigate with wetting agent = same property as base!** Preparation: **Tituration** of drug into uniform/small partical Drug is **mixed directly into base** OR **wetted b4 incorperation**
48
**What type of Troche?** **Sugar + Carbs** corn syrup / water / drug **Smooth Surface texture** **HIGH TEMP to prepare** 154-160 degrees --\> need to monitor closely
**_HARD TROCHES_**
49
**What type of Troche?** **PEGs + Acacia** drug / sugar / **wax** / various PEG's Flavored & colored **Slowly Dissolved in mouth** or **Chewed**
**_SOFT TROCHES_** pastilles
50
**What type of Troche?** formulated with a: **GELATIN BASE** = Jello drug/gelatin / glycerin / water **Highly Flavored**
**_CHEWABLE TROCHES_** gummies
51
**Sterile BUD - 797** **CATEGORY 1**
CAT 1 = **Segregated Compounding Area** *dirtier than cat 2* **\< 12 Hours** @ Room temp **\<24 hours** @ Refridgeration
52
**Sterile BUD - 797** **_Category 2_**
**EVERYTHING IN COMPOUNDING HOOD/AREA** _Must follow manufacturer's guidelines_ - if BUD is shorter Made from 1+ Non-sterile Component: **1 - 4 - 45 days** ONLY STERILE starting products: **4 - 9 - 45 days**
53
**Non-Sterile BUDs 795**
**_ROOM TEMP_** Solids **= 180 days** ​Non-Aqueous (suppositories, ointments) **= 90 days** Preserved Aqueous **= 30 days** **_Refrigerator_** Non-preserved Aqueous = **14 days** *Suspensions / emulsions / gels / creams /sprays*

Ceutics (2 decks)

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