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unit 2 biology > Nucleotides, ATP and protein synthesis > Flashcards

Nucleotides, ATP and protein synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Define what a nucleic acid is

A

Biochemical molecules involved in the transmission of inherited information .

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2
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids involved in inheritance ?

A

DNA and RNA

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3
Q

What does DNA mean ?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What does RNA mean ?

A

Ribionucleic acid

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5
Q

What are nucleotides ?

A

The basic unit of a nucleic acid monomer

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6
Q

What are polymers made up of ?

A

Many units of nucleotides

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7
Q

What makes up a nucleotide ?

A

A phosphate group , a sugar, a base

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8
Q

How many possible sugars could there be in a nucleotide ?

A

2

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9
Q

Name the two sugars that can be in a nucleotide

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

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10
Q

How many bases could there be in a nucleotide ?

A

5

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11
Q

Name the 5 bases that could be in a nucleotide ?

A

Adenine , Guanine , Cytosine ,Thymine and Uracil

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12
Q

Which base is only found in RNA ?

A

Uracil as it replaces Thymine

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13
Q

What are the two main bases ?

A

Purines and Pyramidines

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14
Q

Which bases are in Purines ?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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15
Q

Which bases are Pyramidines

A

Cytosine , Thymine and Uracil

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16
Q

Which base is double ringed ?

A

Purines

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17
Q

Which base is single ringed ?

A

Pyramidines

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18
Q

Are purines or pyramidines bigger ?

A

Purines

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19
Q

What reaction is it that forms a sugar into a nucleotide ?

A

a condensation reaction

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20
Q

What reaction turns a nucleotide back into a sugar ?

A

Hydrolysis

21
Q

When is water given off in the formation of a nucleotide ?

A

When the phosphate group ad the base join

22
Q

What bond is formed when a nucleotide is turned into a dinucleotide ?

A

Phosphodiester bond

23
Q

Where does the link form in a dinucleotide ?

A

Between the the phophate group of one nucleotide and the sugar group of another

24
Q

How many bonds to g and c have between them ?

A

3

25
Q

How many bonds to a and t have between them ?

A

2

26
Q

What are the three types of RNA ?

A

rRNA , tRNA and mRNA

27
Q

What is rRNA used for ?

A

Structural component of ribosome

28
Q

What is tRNA used for ?

A

Transports amino acids to ribosomes

29
Q

What is mRNA used for ?

A

Transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

30
Q

Which is double stranded ?

A

DNA

31
Q

Which is single stranded ?

A

RNA

32
Q

What are the 3 main uses for energy in cells ?

A

synthesis ,transport and movement

33
Q

What is ATP made of ?

A

Ribose , adenine , and 3 phosphate groups

34
Q

what is it called when there is only one phosphate group involved in energy ?

A

adenosine monophosphate AMP

35
Q

what is it called when there is two phosphate groups involved in energy ?

A

adenosine diphosphate

36
Q

what is it called when there is three phosphate groups involved in energy ?

A

adenosine triphosphate

37
Q

How do you create energy from ATP ?

A

You break down the ATP into ADP and a phosphate ion and this releases a large amount of energy

38
Q

What does the reaction involve of forming ADP from ATP

A

It is a hydrolysis reaction so needs water

39
Q

What is needed to break the bonds holding the phosphate group in ATP ?

A

You need a bit of energy from respiration to break the binds however more is released when it is broken

40
Q

What reaction takes place to form ADP into ATP ?

A

It is a condensation reaction so water is removed

41
Q

Why is it that being small is a useful property of ATP ?

A

It can easily move in and out of cells and within them

42
Q

Why is that being water soluble is a useful property of ATP ?

A

Aqueous environments require energy to do certain processes

43
Q

Why is it that containing bonds between phosphates with immediate energy is a useful property of ATP ?

A

The energy created by this is large enough to be used for cellular reactions but it is not so big that the energy is wasted

44
Q

why is it that releasing energy in small quantities is a useful property of ATP ?

A

The energy created is enough for most cellular needs so energy is not being wasted

45
Q

Why is it that being easily regenerated is a useful property of ATP ?

A

It means that it can easily from again to create more energy

46
Q

What does it mean that dna replication is degenerate ?

A

Two new strands are created from one old strand of dna so half the new dna is made from old dna.

47
Q

What does DNA helicase do ?

A

It separates two strands of dna is replication

48
Q

What does DNA polymerase do in replication ?

A

Nucleotides are fused together using it.

49
Q

How is DNA a degenerate code ?

A

Many different assortments of triplet codons and nucleotides can make the same amino acid.

unit 2 biology (10 decks)

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