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S&F 1: Exam 1 > Nervous Tissue Worksheet > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Worksheet Flashcards

1
Q

What are the meninges?

A

connective tissue that consists of three distinct layers that surround and help protect the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges, and what type of tissue is found in each layer?

A

dura mater: dense irregular
arachnoid mater: ?
pia mater: ?

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3
Q

In which meninge layer are the blood vessels located?

A

pia mater

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4
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

soma or cell body, dendrites, and an axon

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5
Q

Where are the organelles located in a neuron?

A

cell body

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6
Q

What is Nissl substance?

A

large granular body containing rough ER and free ribosomes

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7
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

clear area of cell body, free of Nissl bodies, near start of axon

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8
Q

What are the types of neurons? Where are they located? Are they sensory or motor?

A

> multipolar - motor and interneurons of brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord; motor
bipolar - retina, inner ear organs, upper region of nose; sensory
unipolar - dorsal root ganglia of spinal nn and cranial nerve ganglia

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9
Q

What is the synapse, and where is it located?

A

specialized sites for chemical or electrical transmission for communication between neurons, interneurons, and effector cells; between presynatic and postsynaptic cells

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10
Q

What is anterograde axonal transport?

A

forward movement in one direction

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of anterograde axonal transport including the type of motor protein?

A

vesicle buds from Golgi, uses kinesin to go toward axon terminal

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12
Q

Compare and contrast fast and slow anterograde axonal transport.

A

fast: 100-400 mm/day, uses kinesin, vesicles bud from Golgi containing precursors of neurotransmitters, enzymes that make small molecule neurotransmitters, and plasma membrane proteins, mitochondria, tracers
slow: 0.2-0.4 mm/day, cytoskeletal proteins (tubulin, actin, neurofilaments), and cytoplasmic proteins (enzymes, calmodulin)

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13
Q

What cargo is carried by anterograde transport?

A

precursors of neutrotransmitters, enzymes that makes small molecule neurotransmitters, plasma membrane proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, cytoplasmic proteins

???

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14
Q

What is retrograde axonal transport?

A

one direction, toward the cell body

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15
Q

Compare the mechanism of retrograde to anterograde axonal transport.

A

anterograde: vesicles bud from Golgi, uses kinesin
retrograde: vesicles come from endocytosis, uses dynein

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16
Q

How are the transport mechanisms for retrograde and anterograde transport used to identify nerve tracts?

A

You can insert a tracer at one end and see where it ends up.

17
Q

How are axons myelinated?

A

highly specialized cells wrap around the axon multiple times

18
Q

Which cell types myelinate axons in the CNS and the PNS?

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes

PNS: Schwann cells

19
Q

Compare myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the PNS.

A

myelinated: Schwann cells myelinate them and extend along their length
unmyelinated: cytoplasm of Schwann cells wraps around the axons

20
Q

Compare white and gray matter.

A

white: devoid of neuronal cell bodies, mostly myelinated axons, some unmyelinated, oligodendrocytes, blood vessels
gray: neurons, dendrites, neuroglia, and neuropil

21
Q

Where are white and gray matter located in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: gray matter on outside of brain and cerebellum, white matter on inside; opposite for spinal cord

PNS: ???

22
Q

What is the neuropil?

A

densely packed region of cell processes in gray matter

23
Q

What are the types of glial cells and their functions?

A
  1. astrocytes - form tight junctions and blood brain barrier, form glial limiting membrane, support metabolic exchange, aid in energy, clears K+ ions and glutamate around neurons, gap junctions, form scar tissue in response to injury
  2. oligodendrocytes - myelinate axons in CNS
  3. ependymal cells - move CSF
  4. microglia - phagocytic cells, antigen presenting cells
24
Q

What glial cells were derived from neuroepithelial stem cells?

What glial cells were derived from monocytes?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

microglia

25
Q

What is the organization of the neurons in the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. molecular - pia mater and neuroglial cells
  2. ext. granular - neuroglial cells and sm. pyramidal cells
  3. ext. pyramidal - med-sized pyramidal cells
  4. int. granular - sm. granule cells, pyramidal cells, and neuroglia
  5. int. pyramidal - neuroglial cells and largest pyramidal cells
  6. multiform - above white matter, contains: fusiform, granule, stellate, and Martinotti cells
26
Q

What is the organization of the neurons in the cerebellum?

A
  1. outer molecular - small neurons and fibers, dendrites of Purkinje cells in layer 2
  2. middle purkinje - large Purkinje cells
  3. granule cell - small granule cells, Golgi type II cells, and glomeruli
27
Q

What are the most prominent neurons in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum?

A

cerebral cortex: pyramidal, neuroglia, granule

cerebellum: purkinje, granule, and Golgi type II

28
Q

What is the organization of a peripheral nerve?

A

numerous axons surrounded by several layers of connective tissue, which partition the nerve into several nerve (axon) bundles, or fascicles

29
Q

What are the connective tissue layers in a nerve?

A

epineurium - binds all fascicles together, dense irregular CT
perineurium - surrounds 1 or more fascicles, blood-nerve barrier w/ help of tight junctions
endoneurium - surrounds 1 myelinated axon or cluster of unmyelinated axons along w/ Schwann cells, loose vascular CT

30
Q

Where are the ganglia located?

A

dorsal nerve roots that join the spinal cord

31
Q

Where are the cell bodies of peripheral nerves located?

A

dorsal root ganglia

32
Q

Compare the dorsal root ganglion with the sympathetic ganglion.

A

pages 210-213

33
Q

Where are the sensory receptors located? What is the function of each?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscle - found in dermal papilla of thick skin; senses touch; bee hive look

Pacinian Corpuscle - found in hypodermis of thick skin; senses pressure, vibration, and touch; cut onion look

both are encapsulated

34
Q

Describe the process of neuronal degeneration in CNS and PNS.

A

cell body - swelling displaces nucleus to periphery; chromatolysis - dispersion of Nissl substance to periphery

distal axon (Wallerian degeneration) - loss of connection to cell body, degeneration, removal of debris by microglia (CNS) and macrophages (PNS), scar formation by fibrous astrocytes (CNS) and fibroblasts (PNS)

proximal axon - maintains connection to cell body; degeneration back 2-3 internodes

35
Q

What are the components of the central and peripheral nervous systems?

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

36
Q

Describe the process of neuronal regeneration in CNS and PNS.

A

CNS - scar formed by astrocytes prevents regrowth of axon

PNS - endoneurial sheath, if intact, and Schwann cells act as a guide for directing axonal sprouts to correct target (laminin and growth factors also involved); proliferation of Schwann cells and myelination of regrowing axon; eventual reconnection to target

S&F 1: Exam 1 (10 decks)

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