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IS 414 > IS 414 CH. 6 (VOCAB) > Flashcards

IS 414 CH. 6 (VOCAB) Flashcards

1
Q

Hacking

A

Unauthorized access, modification, or use of an electronic device or some element of a computer system

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2
Q

Hijacking

A

Gaining control of someone else’s computer to carry out illicit activities, such as sending spam without the computer user’s knowledge

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3
Q

Botnet

A

A network of powerful and dangerous hijacked computers that are used to attack systems or spread malware

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4
Q

Zombie

A

A hijacked computer, typically part of a botnet, that is used to launch a variety of internet attacks

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5
Q

Bot herder

A

The person who creates a botnet by installing software on Pcs that responds to the bot herder’s electronic instructions

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6
Q

Denial-of-service (DoS) attack

A

A computer attack in which the attacker sends many email bombs or web page requests, often from randomly generated false addresses, that the internet service provider’s email server or the web server is overloaded and shuts down

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7
Q

Spamming

A

Simultaneously sending the same unsolicited message to many people, often in an attempt to sell them something

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8
Q

Dictionary attack

A

Using special software to guess company email addresses and send them blank email messages. Unreturned messages are usually valid email addresses that can be added to spammer email lists

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9
Q

Splog

A

Spam blogs created to increase a website’s Google PageRank, which is how often a web page is referenced by other web pages

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10
Q

Spoofing

A

Altering some part of an electronic communication to make it look as if someone else sent the communication in order to gain the trust of a recipient

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11
Q

Email spoofing

A

Making a sender address and other parts of an email header appear as though the email originated from a different source

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12
Q

Caller ID spoofing

A

Displaying an incorrect number on the recipient’s caller ID display to hide the caller’s identity

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13
Q

IP address spoofing

A

Creating internet protocol packets with a forged IP address to hide the sender’s identity or to impersonate another computer system

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14
Q

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing

A

Sending fake ARP messages to an Ethernet LAN. ARP is a computer networking protocol for determining a network host’s hardware address when only its IP or network address is known

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15
Q

MAC address

A

A media access control address is a hardware address that uniquely identifies each node on a network

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16
Q

SMS spoofing

A

Using short message service to change the name or number a text message appears to come from

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17
Q

DNS Spoofing

A

Sniffing the ID of a domain name system request and replying before the real DNS server

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18
Q

Zero-day attack

A

An attack between the time a new software vulnerability is discovered and “released it into the wild” and the time a software developer releases a patch to fix the problem

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19
Q

Patch

A

Code released by software developers that fixes a particular software vulnerability

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20
Q

Cross-site scripting (XSS)

A

A vulnerability in dynamic web pages that allows an attacker to bypass a browser’s security mechanisms and instruct the victim’s browser to execute code, thinking it came from the desired website

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21
Q

Buffer overflow attack

A

When the amount of data entered into a program is greater than the amount of the input buffer. The input overflow overwrites the next computer instruction, causing the system to crash. Hackers exploit this by crafting the input so that the overflow contains code that tells the computer what to do next. This code could open a back door into the system

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22
Q

SQL injection (insertion) attack

A

Inserting a malicious SQL query in input such that it is passed to and executed by an application program. This allows a hacker to convince the application to run SQL code that it was not intended to execute

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23
Q

Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack

A

A hacker placing himself between a client and a host to intercept communications between them

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24
Q

Masquerading/impersonation

A

Gaining access to a system by pretending to be an authorized user. This requires that the perpetrator know the legitimate user’s ID and passwords

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25
Q

Piggybacking

A

(1) Tapping into a communications line and electronically latching onto a legitimate user who unknowingly carries the perpetrator into the system.
(2) The clandestine use of a neighbor’s Wi-Fi network.
(3) An unauthorized person following an authorized person through a secure door, bypassing physical security controls

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26
Q

Password cracking

A

When an intruder penetrates a system’s defenses, steals the file containing valid passwords, decrypts them, and uses them to gain access to programs, files, and data

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27
Q

War dialing

A

Programming a computer to dial thousands of phone lines searching for dial-up modem lines. Hackers hack into the PC attached to the modem and access the network to which it is connected

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28
Q

War driving

A

Driving around looking for unprotected home or corporate wireless networks

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29
Q

War rocketing

A

Using rockets to let loose wireless access points attached to parachutes that detect unsecured wireless networks

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30
Q

Phreaking

A

Attacking phone systems to obtain free phone line access, use phone lines to transmit malware, and to access, steal, and destroy data

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31
Q

Data diddling

A

Changing data before or during entry into a computer system in order to delete, alter, add, or incorrectly update key system data

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32
Q

Data leakage

A

The unauthorized copying of company data, often without leaving any indication it was copied

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33
Q

Podslurping

A

Using a small device with storage capacity to download unauthorized data from a computer

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34
Q

Salami technique

A

Stealing tiny slices of money from many different accounts

35
Q

Round-down fraud

A

Instructing the computer to round down all interest calculations to two decimal places. The faction of a cent rounded down on each calculation is put into the programmer’s account

36
Q

Economic espionage

A

Theft of information, trade secrets, and intellectual property

37
Q

Cyber-extortion

A

Threatening to harm a company or a person if a specified amount of money is not paid

38
Q

Cyber-bullying

A

Using computer technology to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior that torments, threatens, harasses, humiliates, embarrasses, or otherwise harms another person

39
Q

Sexting

A

Exchanging sexually explicit text messages and revealing pictures with other people, usually by means of a phone

40
Q

Internet terrorism

A

Using the internet to disrupt electronic commerce and harm computers and communications

41
Q

Internet misinformation

A

Using the internet to spread false or misleading information

42
Q

Email threats

A

Threats sent to victims by email. The threats usually require some follow-up action, often at great expense to the victim

43
Q

Internet auction fraud

A

Using an internet auction site to defraud another person

44
Q

Internet pump-and-dump fraud

A

Using the internet to pump up the price of a stock and then sell it

45
Q

Click fraud

A

Manipulating the number of times an ad is clicked to inflate advertising bills

46
Q

Web cramming

A

Offering a free website for a month, developing a worthless website, and charging the phone bill of the people who accept the offer for months, whether they want to continue using the website or not

47
Q

Software piracy

A

The unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted software

48
Q

Social engineering

A

The techniques or psychological tricks used to get people to comply with the perpetrator’s wishes in order to fain physical or logical access to a building, computer, server, or network. It is usually to get the information needed to obtain confidential data

49
Q

Identity theft

A

Assuming someone’s identity, usually for economic gain, by illegally obtaining confidential information such as a Social Security number or a bank account or credit card number

50
Q

Pretexting

A

Using an invented scenario (the pretext) that creates legitimacy in the target’s mind in order to increase the likelihood that a victim will divulge information or do something

51
Q

Posing

A

Creating a seeming legitimate business, collecting personal information while making a sale, and never delivering the product

52
Q

Phishing

A

Sending an electronic message pretending to be a legitimate company, usually a financial institution, and requesting information or verification of information and often warning of a consequence if it is not provided. The request is bogus, and the information gathered is used to commit identity theft or to steal funds from the victim’s account

53
Q

Vishing

A

Voice phishing; it is like phishing except that the victim enters confidential data by phone

54
Q

Carding

A

Activities performed on stolen credit cards, including making a small online purchase to determine whether the card is still valid and buying and selling stolen credit card numbers

55
Q

Pharming

A

Redirecting website traffic to a spoofed website

56
Q

Evil twin

A

A wireless network with the same name as a legitimate wireless access point. Users are connected to the twin because it has a stronger wireless signal or the twin disrupts or disables the legitimate access point. Users are unaware that they connect to the evil twin and the perpetrator monitors the traffic looking for confidential information

57
Q

Typosquatting/URL hijacking

A

Setting up similarly names websites so that users making typographical errors when entering a website name are sent to an invalid site

58
Q

QR barcode replacements

A

Fraudsters cover valid OR codes with stickers containing a replacement QR code to fool people into going to an unintended site that infects their phones with malware

59
Q

Tabnapping

A

Secretly changing an already open browser tab in order to capture user IDs and passwords when the victim logs back in to the site

60
Q

Scavenging/dumpster diving

A

Searching documents and records to gain access to confidential information. Scavenging methods include searching garbage cans, communal trash bins, and city dumps

61
Q

Shoulder surfing

A

When perpetrators look over a person’s shoulders in a public place to get information such as ATM PIN numbers or user IDs and passwords

62
Q

Lebanese looping

A

Inserting a sleeve into an ATM that prevents it from ejecting the card. The perpetrator pretends to help the victim, tricking the person into entering the pin again. Once the victim gives up, the thief removes the card and uses it and the pin to withdraw money

63
Q

Skimming

A

Double swiping a credit card in a legitimate terminal or covertly swiping a credit card in a small, hidden, hand-held card reader that records credit card data for later use

64
Q

Chipping

A

Posing as a service engineer and planting a small chip that records transaction data in a legitimate card reader. The chip is later removed to access the data recorded on it

65
Q

Eavesdropping

A

Listening to private communications or tapping into data transmissions intended for someone else. One way to intercept signals is by setting up a wiretap

66
Q

Malware

A

Any software that is used to do harm

67
Q

Spyware

A

Software that secretly monitors computer usage, collects personal information about users, and sends it to someone else, often without the computer user’s permission

68
Q

Adware

A

Spyware that causes banner ads to pop up on a monitor, collects information about the user’s web-surfing and spending habits, and forwards it to the adware creator, often an advertising or media organization. Adware usually comes bundled with freeware and shareware downloaded from the internet

69
Q

Torpedo software

A

Software that destroys competing malware. This sometimes results in “malware warfare” between competing malware developers

70
Q

Scareware

A

Malicious software of no benefit that is sold using scare tactics

71
Q

Ransomware

A

Software that encrypts programs and data until ransom is paid to remove it

72
Q

Keylogger

A

Software that records computer actvity, such as a user’s keystrokes, emails sent and received, websites visited, and chat session participation

73
Q

Trojan horse

A

A set of unauthorized computer instructions in an authorized and otherwise properly functioning program

74
Q

Time bomb/logic bomb

A

A program that lies idles until some specific circumstance or a particular time triggers it. Once triggered, the program sabotages the system by destroying programs or data

75
Q

Trap door/back door

A

A set of computer instructions that allows a user to bypass the system’s normal controls

76
Q

Packet sniffers

A

Programs that capture data from information packets as they travel over the internet or company networks. Captured data is sifted to find confidential or proprietary information

77
Q

Steganography program

A

A program that can merge confidential information with a seemingly harmless file, password protect the file, send it anywhere in the world, where the file is unlocked and the confidential information is reassembled. The host file can still be heard or viewed because humans are not sensitive enough to pick up the slight decrease in image or sound quality

78
Q

Rootkit

A

A means of concealing system components and malware from the operating system and other programs; can also modify the operating system

79
Q

Superzapping

A

The unauthorized use of a special system program to bypass regular system controls and perform illegal acts. The superzap utility was originally written to handle emergencies, such as restoring a system that had crashed

80
Q

Virus

A

A segment of executable code that attaches itself to a file, program, or some other executable system component. When the hidden program is triggered, it makes unauthorized alterations to the way a system operates

81
Q

Worm

A

Similar to a virus, except that it is a program rather than a code segment hidden in a host program. A worm also copies itself automatically an actively transmits itself directly to other systems

82
Q

Bluesnarfing

A

Stealing (snarfing) contact lists, images, and other data using flaws in Bluetooth applications

83
Q

Bluebugging

A

Taking control of someone else’s phone to make or listen to calls, send or read text messages, connect to the internet, forward the victim’s calls, and call the numbers that charge fees

IS 414 (23 decks)

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