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Social Psychology > Social Psychology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Social Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes.

A

self-concept

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2
Q

4 Main Functions of Self

A

1) Self-knowledge
2) self-control
3) impression management
4) self-esteem

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3
Q

Looking inward and examining their own thoughts, feelings, and emotions

A

introspection

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4
Q

Concrete. References to age/sex/neighborhood/hobbies.

A

Child’s self concept

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5
Q

Less about physical characteristics. More emphasis on psychological states and how others judge us.

A

Maturing self concept

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6
Q

Idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values.

A

Self-awareness theory

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7
Q

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors. (often we learn this from our culture)

A

Causal Theories

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8
Q

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes. (people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize)

A

Reasons-Generated Attitude Change

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9
Q

When our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs.

A

Self-Perception Theory

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10
Q

Do something because of enjoyment and interest. Not external rewards or pressures.

A

Intrinsic Motivation

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11
Q

Do something for external reasons. Not because of enjoyment or interest.

A

Extrinsic Motivation

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12
Q

Tendency to view your behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons.

A

Overjustification Effect

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13
Q

Rewards for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done.

A

Task-Contingent Rewards

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14
Q

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

A

Performance-Contingent Rewards

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15
Q

Idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change.

A

Fixed Mindset

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16
Q

Idea that our abilities can cultivate and grow

A

Growth Mindset

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17
Q

We experience emotions in a 2 step process. 1) Experience psychological arousal. 2) Seek appropriate explanation for it.

A

Schater’s 2 Factor Theory of Emotion

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18
Q

Making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do.

A

Misattribution of Arousal

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19
Q

Idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.

A

Social Comparison Theory

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20
Q

Process where people adopt another person’s attributes.

A

Social Tuning

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21
Q

People’s predictions about how they will feel in response to a future emotional event.

A

Affective Forecasts

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22
Q

Making choices about present plans and plans for the future.

A

Self-control

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23
Q

Attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget.

A

Thought Suppression

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24
Q

Attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen.

A

Impression Management

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25
Q

Flattering/Praising/Trying to make ourselves likable to another person who is often of higher status.

A

Ingratiation

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26
Q

Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves. 2 Types. Behavioral - act in ways to reduce the likelihood or success. Reported - devise readymade excuses in case we fail.

A

Self-Handicapping

27
Q

Overall evaluation that people have of themselves.

A

Self-Esteem

28
Q

Combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others.

A

Narcissism

29
Q

Reducing dissonance by adding a cognition about other positive attributes.

A

Self-Affirmation

30
Q

Overestimate the intensity and duration of our emotional reactions to future negative events.

A

Impact Bias

31
Q

Discomfort people feel when 2 cognitions (beliefs, attitudes) conflict or when they behave in a way that is inconsistent with their conception of themselves.

A

Cognitive Dissonance

32
Q

3 Ways To Reduce Dissonance

A

1) Change behavior
2) Justify behavior by changing one of the dissonant cognitions.
3) Justify behavior by adding new cognitions.

33
Q

Dissonance is most painful when one of the cognitions is __________.

A

About the self.

34
Q

After making a decision, we typically reduce dissonance by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluing the rejected alternatives. (more important, greater permanence = more dissonance)

A

Postdecision Dissonance

35
Q

Salesperson gets customer to agree to low cost, claims it was an error, raises price and customer usually agrees to the higher price.

A

Lowballing

36
Q

Tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain.

A

Justification of Effort

37
Q

Reason or explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual. (reward or punishment)

A

External Justification

38
Q

Reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself.

A

Internal Justification

39
Q

Stating opinion or attitude that runs counter to one’s private belief or attitude.

A

Counterattitudinal Advocacy

40
Q

Dissonance when individuals lack sufficient external justification for resisting something, usually resulting in devaluing the forbidden thing.

A

Insufficient Punishment

41
Q

Long lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self-justification.

A

Self-Persuasion

42
Q

If we dislike someone, then do them a favor, we will like them more. (Ben Franklin Effect)

A

Dissonance Theory

43
Q

Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas.

A

Attitudes

44
Q

3 Components of Attitudes.

A

Affective (emotional reaction)
Behavioral (actions or observable behavior)
Cognitive (thoughts and beliefs)

45
Q

A stimulus that elicits and emotional response is paired with a neutral stimulus. Neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus.

A

Classical Conditioning

46
Q

Freely chosen behaviors increase or decrease when followed by reinforcement or punishment.

A

Operant Conditioning

47
Q

Sometimes people do not know how they feel until they see how they behave.

A

Self-Perception Theory

48
Q

Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can report.

A

Explicit Attitudes

49
Q

Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious.

A

Implicit Attitudes

50
Q

The strength of the association between an attitude object
and a person’s evaluation of that object, measured by the
speed with which people can report how they feel about
the object

A

Attitude Accessibility

51
Q

People’s intentions are the best predictors of their

deliberate behaviors. (more specific attitudes better predict behavior)

A

Theory of Planned Behavior

52
Q

beliefs about how people they care about will view

the behavior in question

A

Subjective norms

53
Q

Intentions are influenced by the ease with which they

believe they can perform the behavior.

A

Perceived behavioral control

54
Q

The study of the conditions under which people are
most likely to change their attitudes in response to
persuasive messages. (who, what, to whom)

A

Yale Attitude Change Approach

55
Q

An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive

communications can cause attitude change.

A

Elaboration Likelihood Model

56
Q

When people are motivated and have the ability to pay

attention to the arguments in the communication

A

Central route

57
Q

When people do not pay attention to the arguments but are

instead swayed by surface characteristics

A

Peripheral route

58
Q

A personality variable reflecting the extent to which people

engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities

A

Need for Cognition

59
Q

Persuasive messages that attempt to change

people’s attitudes by arousing their fears

A

Fear-Arousing Communications

60
Q

An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive
communications can cause attitude change:
 Systematically processing the merits of the arguments
 When using peripheral route
– Use mental shortcuts (heuristics)
• e.g., “Experts are always right”
– Use emotions as heuristic

A

Heuristic–Systematic Model of Persuasion

61
Q

Words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but
may nevertheless influence people’s judgments, attitudes,
and behavior

A

Subliminal Messages

62
Q

– Making people immune to attempts to change their
attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of
the arguments against their position

A

Attitude Inoculation

63
Q

People feel their freedom to perform a certain behavior
is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is
aroused, which they can reduce by performing the
threatened behavior

A

Reactance Theory

Social Psychology (2 decks)

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