02 Exploring with Graphs

Question 1

steps to conducting statistical analyses

Answer 1

• explore your data
• check assumptions
• conduct statistical tests

Question 2

What is involved with exploring your data in conducting statistical analyses?

Answer 2

• graph data

- run descriptive statistics on data

Question 3

types of graphs

Answer 3

• histograms
• boxplots
• bar charts
• line charts
• scatter plots

Question 4

What are some uses for graphical representations of data?

Answer 4

• assess for normality of data
• assess for outliers
• assess for relationship or differences among groups/variables

Question 5

What do histograms provide?

Answer 5

graphical displays of frequency distributions

Question 6

usefulness of histograms

Answer 6

• assessing normality of data

- checking for outliers

Question 7

types of histograms

Answer 7

• simple

- stacked

Question 8

simple histogram

Answer 8

frequencies of scores for a single variable

Question 9

stacked histogram

Answer 9

frequencies of scores in which each bar is split by group

Question 10

When would you use a stacked histogram?

Answer 10

use when you have grouping variable

i.e. males vs. females

Question 11

best graph to assess for outliers

Answer 11

boxplots

Question 12

How do boxplots use median and inter-quartile range?

Answer 12

• median is the center of the plot surrounded by a box that shows the inter-quartile range
• Whiskers extend from the top and bottom of the box to reflect the most and least extreme scores

Question 13

types of boxplots

Answer 13

• simple boxplot

- clostered boxplot

Question 14

simple boxplot

Answer 14

• single variable

- different categories in the data (i.e. males and females)

Question 15

clustered boxplot

Answer 15

two IVs (i.e. men and women in the traction vs. specific exercise groups)

Question 16

What are bar charts used for?

Answer 16

• display means

- can be used with independent cases or dependent cases

Question 17

types of bar charts

Answer 17

• simple bar charts for independent means
• clustered bar charts for independent means
• simple bar charts for related means
• clustered bar charts for mixed designs

Question 18

simple bar chart for independent means

Answer 18

means of scores across different groups of cases

Question 19

clustered bar chart for independent means

Answer 19

• two IVs with independent samples

- second IV is depicted using a different color or pattern

Question 20

simple bar chart for related means

Answer 20

only one group which all experience different interventions or the same intervention repeatedly over time

Question 21

clustered bar charts for mixed designs

Answer 21

• at least 1 IV measured using different groups AND

- at least 1 IV measured using the same sample

Question 22

line charts

Answer 22

same as bar charts except with lines vs bars

Question 23

types of line charts

Answer 23

• simple line

- multiple line

Question 24

simple line chart

Answer 24

means of scores across different groups of cases

Question 25

multiple line chart

Answer 25

• equivalent to clustered bar chart

- plot means a variable but with different colored lines for each level of a second IV

Question 26

scatterplots assess

Answer 26

relationships between variables

1. is there a relationship?
2. what type of relationship?
3. outliers?

Question 27

scatterplots and score plotting

Answer 27

plots each person’s score on one variable against their score on another variable

Question 28

types of scatterplot

Answer 28

• simple

- grouped

Question 29

simple scatterplot

Answer 29

plot values of one continuous variable against another

Question 30

grouped scatterplot

Answer 30

similar to a simple scatterplot except you can display values belonging to different groups in different colors or symbols

Question 31

regression line

Answer 31

• depicts the overall mean of the data

- linear model (straight line)

Question 32

direction of relationship between variables on scatterplots

Answer 32

• positive correlation
• negative correlation
• no correlation