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Anatomy And physiology > Module 5-Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Module 5-Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary functions of the lymphatic system? Name 3

A

Drain excess interstitial fluid
Carry dietary lipids
Carry out immune response

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2
Q

Describe the lymphatic vessels

A

Overlapping endothelial cells that work as one way valves for fluid to enter.

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3
Q

Name the three ways that lymph moves through the lymphatic system

A

1- skeletal muscle pump
2- respiratory pump
3- valves prevent back flow

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4
Q

What is the route of lymph through the vessels back into the circulatory system

A

Blood - interstitial fluid- lymph capillaries - lymphatic vessels - lymph trunks - thoracic or right lymphatic duct - subclavian veins

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5
Q

Name the primary lymphatic organs

A

Sites where T and B cells Mature
Red bone marrow - flat bones and end of long bones
Thymus- behind sternum

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6
Q

Name the second lymphatic tissues and organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen lymphatic nodules,

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7
Q

What happens in the thymus

A

T-cells mature, only a small percent make it to maturation, then leave via blood to spleen

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8
Q

Explain the two types of tissue that make up the spleen

A

Red pup - blood filled venous sinuses and chords of splenic tissue filled with rbc, macrophages,lymphocytes,plasma cells and granulocytes.

White pulp-lymphatic tissue consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages

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9
Q

Explain the functions of red pulp in the spleen?

A

Red pulp
Macrophages remove worn out or defective blood cells and platelets
Storage of platelets
Production of blood cells during fetal life

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10
Q

Explain the functions of white pulp

A

B cells and T cells carry out immune responses

Macrophages destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

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11
Q

What is a lymph node?

A

Encapsulated oval structures, located along lymphatic vessels.
Contain T-cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells and B-cells

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12
Q

Explain how lymph enters the lymph node and what happens inside?

A

Lymph enters through the affront lymphatic vessels, it is filtered through reticular fibers, macrophages destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis, lymphocytes destroy by verity of immune responses. Filtered lymph leaves through efferent lymphatic vessels.

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13
Q

What is a lymphatic nodule made of?

A

Egg shape capsules of lymphatic tissue, not capsulated.

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14
Q

List major components of lymphatic system

A

Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Spleen

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15
Q

Where are the five tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal (adenoid)
2 palatine tonsils
2 lingual tonsils

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16
Q

What type of immunity is non-specific?

A

Innate

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17
Q

What is the first line of defence in innate immunity

A

Skin

Mucous membrane

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18
Q

Skin, mucous membranes, lacrimal apparatus, saliva,mucus, cilia, epiglottis, flow of urine, are all what type of immunity

A

Mechanical first line of defence for innate immunity

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19
Q

Name four types of chemical first line of defence for innate immunity

A

Sebum - oil glands in skin
Lysozyme - tears
Gastric juices - stomach
Begin all secretions - poon

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20
Q

Name four types of the second line of defence of the innate immunity

A

Internal anti microbial proteins
Phagocytes and natural killer
Inflammation
Fever

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21
Q

Describe the four types of anti-microbial substances in innate immunity secondary line of defence.

A

Lymphocytes,macrophages,fibroblasts
Compliment system
Iron-binding proteins
Anti microbial proteins AMPs

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22
Q

What are IFNs (interferons) and how do they work

A

Body cells infected with a virus produce interferons. IFNs are released from infected cell and diffuse to neighbouring cells. Bind to receptors and make the un infected cells make antiviral protien that interfere with viral.
They also enhance phagocytes and natural killer cells inhibit cell growth and suppress tumour formation.

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23
Q

What is are phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes- macrophages

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24
Q

Explain the NK cells

A

Lymphocytes that lack the membrane molecules that identify T and B cells.
Release protiens into membrane of microbe making it leaky and causing cytolysis.

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25
Q

List the three stages of inflammation

A

Vasodilation
Phagocytes migration
Tissue repair

26
Q

List four symptoms of inflammation

A

Redness
Swelling
Pain
Heat

27
Q

What causes heat and redness in inflammation?

A

Increased blood flow to damaged area

28
Q

What causes the swelling in inflammation?

A

The leaking of fluid into interstitial space from increased permeability allowing microbial and immune stuff to come in.

29
Q

What is pus?

A

Dead phagocytes that have engulfed damaged tissues and microbes.

30
Q

What is the purpose of a fever during inflammation?

A

Inhibits some microbial growth and speeds up body’s reactions that aid in repair

31
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Ability of the body to defend against specific invading agents. It has specifics and memory.

32
Q

What are the two types of adaptive (specific) immunity?

A

Cell-mediated and antibody (hemoral)

33
Q

What happens in cell mediated immunity?

A

The destruction of antigens by T-cells.

34
Q

What does cell mediated immunity best defend against?

A

Intracellular pathogens,( fungi, viruses, parasites) things inside cells
Cancer cells
Foreign tissue transplants

35
Q

How does anti-body-mediated immunity work.

A

Destruction of antigens by antibodys

36
Q

What does anti-body mediated immunity defend against?

A

Extra cellular pathogens, bacteria,

37
Q

Where are T and B cells derived from?

A

Stem cells in red bone marrow

38
Q

Where do T and B cells mature?

A

B cells mature in the red bone marrow

T-cells migrate to the thymus to mature becoming either helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

When the lymphocyte encounters a specific antigens, it proliferates (divides) and differentiates (becomes specialized)

40
Q

What is a antigen?

A

Something that antigen receptors recognize as foreign. Causes the body to produce specific antibodys or T cells

41
Q

What are majorhistocompatibioty complex antigens? MHC

A

Self antigens on outside of plasma membrane. Helps T cells recognize non-self

42
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

4 polypeptide chain with varied region at the end, the antigen binding site.

43
Q

Antibodys are also called?

A

Immunoglobulin

44
Q

Name some functions of antibodys

A 
Neutralization of antigens
Immobilization of bacteria
Agglutination of antigens
Activation of compliment proteins
Enhancement of phagocytosis
Provision of fetal and newborn development
45
Q

What is the purpose of antigen processing?

A

To make T cells be able to recognize the antigen

46
Q

What does a antigen processing cell (ACP) do?

A

Process exogenous antigens and press them together with MHC molecules to T-cells

47
Q

What are ACP’s antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages b-cells and dendritic cells

48
Q

Give an overview of the steps of antigen processing and presenting.

A 
Ingestion of antigen
Digestion of antigen into fragments
Synthesis of MHC into molecules
Fusion of vesicles 
Binding of fragments with MHC 2
Insertion of indigenous MHC complex into plasma membrane
49
Q

How do active Helper T-cells, help the activation of Cytotoxic T-cells.

A

By secreting interleukin-2 which helps the activation of cytotoxic T-cells.

50
Q

What does interleukin-2 act as?

A

A costimulator.

51
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells release?

A

Granzymes

52
Q

How do cytotoxic T-cells work?

A

Releases granzymes after identifying foreign cell. They penetrate the protien and cause the cell to apoptosis. Infected cells release the microbes which are then eaten with phagocytosis

53
Q

What does lymphotoxin do? Where is it from?

A

Cytotoxic T cells secrete it.

It goes into target cell and causes dan fragmentation.

54
Q

Where do the helper T-cells fit into B-cell clonal selection?

A

Before clonal selection, B cell binds with antigen, then processes it so that helper T cell recognizes it and then secretes ILN- 2 which activates B-cell for proliferation and maturation.

55
Q

What does an ACP (antigen processing cell) do?

A

Processes and presents antigens to T cells. Includes macrophages, b-cells and dendritic cells

56
Q

What does the helper T-cell do?

A

Helps other cells by releasing interleukin 2 which I handed activation of B cells into plasma cells which secrete antibodies.

57
Q

What does the cytotoxic cells?

A

Kills target cells by secreting granzymes that make them apoptosis! Lymphotoxin that causes dan fragmentation.

58
Q

What does the memory T- cell do?

A

Remains in lymphatic tissue, recognizes original antigen even years down the road

59
Q

What does B cell differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

60
Q

Summarize plasma cell function

A

Secretes antibodies

Anatomy And physiology (8 decks)

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