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KIN 370 > Social Support > Flashcards

Social Support Flashcards

1
Q

Social Support

  • History of Study
  • Contributor
    • ​proposed?
A

Last 30 years → health research ↑ interest in social support

  • powerful influence of social relationships on health has gathered interest

Study owes much to work of social epidemiologist John Cassel

  • proposed that SS serves as key psychosocial protective factor that ↓ vulnerability to deleterious effects of stress on health
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2
Q

Social Support & Mortality/Morbidity

(3)

A

Research shows people with high quality/quantity of social networks have ↓ risk of mortality

Social Support may influence incidence & prevalance

Social isolation identified as independant major risk factor for all-cause mortality

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3
Q

Social Support

  • definition
A

information from others that one is loved, cared for, esteemed, valued, part of network of communication & mutual obligations

  • must be reciprocal
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4
Q

Social Support → (2) Main Models

A

1) Buffer Hypothesis
2) Direct Effects Hypothesis

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5
Q

1) Buffer Hypothesis

A

Support related to well-being primarily for person under stress

→ buffers/protects from influence of stress

→ value placed on perception of stress

  • feelings of helplessness arise due to percieved inability to cope with situations demanding effective response
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6
Q

2) Direct Effects Hypothesis

A

influence of support on health is independant of current stress level

  • focus on link between social integration & health
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7
Q

Social Network & Social Support

  • are ____ that describe.. (3) of social relationships
A

Concepts that describe structure, process & functions of social relationships

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8
Q

Social Integration (SI)

  • refers to? (2)
  • significance?
A
  • refers to:
    • existance of social ties
    • principles by which individuals are related to each other in society

protective factor for heart attack morbidity

  • mid-low SI → ↑ 2x post-MI readmission
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9
Q

Social Network

A

refers to web of social relationships that surround individual

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10
Q

Social Support

A

→ important function of social relationships

aid/assistance exchanged through social relationships & interpersonal transactions

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11
Q

Social Support

  • ___ & ____ in numerous ways
  • (4) types
A

defined & measured

1) Emotional support
2) Appraisal support
3) Instrumental support
4) Informational support

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12
Q

1) Emotional support

→ Research implications (2)

A

involves provision of empathy, love, trust & caring

  • can be positive or negative

→ ↓ perceived levels in elderly women predicted ↑ mortality

→ partner’s efforts to exert control are ineffective & can fortify undesired behavior

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13
Q

2) Appraisal support

A

involves provision of information that is useful for self-evaluation

→ constructive feedback, affirmation, & social comparison

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14
Q

3) Instrumental support

A

involves provision of tangible aid & services

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15
Q

4) Informational support

A

involves provision of advice, suggestions & info that can be used to address problems

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16
Q

Social Network → (3) important characteristics

*

A

1) Reciprocity
2) Intensity
3) Complexity

→ dyadic characteristics (between focus person & network)

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17
Q

Social Network → 3 Important Characteristics

1) Reciprocity

A

extent to which resources & support are both given & recieved in a relationship

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18
Q

Social Network → 3 Important Characteristics

2) Intensity

A

extent to which a relationship is characterized by emotional closeness

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19
Q

Social Network → 3 Important Characteristics

3) Complexity

A

extent to which a relationship serves a variety of functions

20
Q

Social Network → 3 Important Characteristics

  • DYADIC characteristics → meaning?
A

characteristics of specific relationships between focal individual & others in network

21
Q

Social Support vs. Social Network

A

SS → 1 on 1 interaction

SN → linkages between people that may or may not provide SS & serve functions other than providing support

22
Q

(3) Characteristics of Social Networks as a Whole

A

1) Homogeneity
2) Geographic DIspersion
3) Density

23
Q

1) Homogeneity

A

extent to which network members are similar in terms of demographic characteristics

24
Q

2) Geographic DIspersion

A

extent to which network members live in close proximity to focal person

25
Q

3) Density

A

extent to which network members know & interact with each other

26
Q

Conceptual Model of Social Support

A

depiction of mechanisms through which SN & SS may have positive effects on physical/mental & social health

→ many pathways entail reciprocal influence

27
Q

Conceptual Model of Relationship of SN & SS to Health

  • (5) pathways
A

1) Direct Effect on Health
2) Effect on Individual Coping Resources
3) Influence on Frequency/Duration of Exposure to Stressors
4) Effect on Community Resources
5) Potential Effects on Health Behaviors

28
Q

1) Direct Effect on Health

A

supportive ties enhance health by meeting basic human needs → companionship, intimacy, sense of belonging & reassurance of self-worth

29
Q

2) Effect on Individual Coping Resources

A

enhance ability to:

  • access new contacts/information
  • identify & solve problems

→ if support helps reduced uncertainty/unpredictability or produces desired outcomes, ↑ sense of personal control

→ help reinterpret events/problems in more constructive light

30
Q

3) Influence on Frequency/Duration of Exposure to Stressors

A

↓ exposure associated wi th enhanced health

31
Q

4) Effect on Community Resources

A

↑ community’s ability to garner resources & solve problems

  • community empowerment & competence
32
Q

5) Potential Effects on Health Behaviors

A

individuals are influenced & supported in healthy behaviors

  • help-seeking, adherance to medical regimens, smoking cessation, weight loss

affect incidence/recovery from disease through influence on preventative, illness & sick role behavior

33
Q

Conceptual Model → Buffering Effect

A

Resources at individual & community level may have direct health-enhancing effects & diminish negative effects due to stressor exposure

34
Q

SOCIAL SUPPORT → Translating Theory into Practice

A

support-enhancing interventions need to begin with an assessment of social networks that are maintained by study popn → can help diagnose aspects that are not meeting needs of focal individuals & areas of strength

WHO should provide WHAT to WHOM & WHEN?

35
Q

Social Support: Theory → Practice

WHO should provide WHAT to WHOM & WHEN?

1) Who → (3) sources

A

effectiveness of support depends on source

a) Informal/Natural
b) Formal
c) Socially SImilar

36
Q

Social Support: Theory → Practice

WHO should provide WHAT to WHOM & WHEN?

2) What

A

perceptions of support rather than objective behaviors involved in interactions

→ necessary to identify factors that influence whether behavior is percieved as supportive

  • previous experiences with helper
  • social context of relationship
  • role expectations
  • individual preferences for type/amount of SS
37
Q

Social Support: Theory → Practice

WHO should provide WHAT to WHOM & WHEN?

4) When

  • effective type of SN & SS
    *
A

types of SN & SS that effectively enhance health depend on age or developmental stage

During major life transition/stressor, people benefit from different types of support during various stages of coping

38
Q

Intervention Implications (3)

A
  1. Need to Assess
  2. Facilitate trust, closeness & caring
  3. Importance of reciprocity
39
Q

WHO

a) Informal/Natural
b) Formal
c) Socially Similar

A

a) family/friends
b) HC professionals
c) people who have experienced similar stressors/situations → ↑ empathetic understanding

40
Q

Types of Interventions (4)

A

1) Enhancing Existing Network Ties
2) Developing New Social Network Linkages
3) Use of Indigenous Natural Helpers
4) Enhancing Networks through Community Capacity Building & Problem Solving

41
Q

Interventions

1) Enhancing Existing Network Ties

A

attempt to change attitudes/behaviors of recipient & providers

often include activiites to build skills for effective support mobilization, provision & reciept

42
Q

Interventions

1) Enhancing Existing Network Ties
* Challenges (3)

A

1) Commitment

2) Identification

3) Consistency

43
Q

Interventions

1) Enhancing Existing Network Ties
* Challenges (3)
1) Commitment
2) Identification
3) Consistency

A

1) Identifying network members committed to providing support & have resources to sustain
2) Identifying changes in attitudes/behaviors that will ↑ percieved support
3) intervening in ways consistent with norms & interaction styles

44
Q

Interventions

2) Developing New Social Network Linkages

a) most useful when?
b) most often introduced when?

A

a) existing network is small, overburdened or unable to provide effective support
b) in response to major life transition or specific stressor
- may introduce:

  • mentors or advisors who have already coped with situation
  • buddies who are experiencing same stressor/life transition at same time
45
Q

Interventions

3) Use of Indigenous Natural Helpers

  • define natural helper
  • how to?
A

natural helper = SN members that other members naturally turn to for advice, support & other types of aid

Identify NHs by asking

  • can help link SN members to each other & outside resources
46
Q

Interventions

4) Community Capacity Building & Problem Solving

A
  • involve community members in identifying/resolving community problems
    • may indirectly strengthen SN in community
  • use community organizing techniques to:
    • enhance community capacity to resolve problems
    • increase role in desicion-making
    • resolve specific problems
47
Q
A

KIN 370 (14 decks)

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