Chapter 8

Question 1

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test

Answer 1

Recall

Question 2

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Answer 2

Recognition

Question 3

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Answer 3

Relearning

Question 4

The processing of information into the memory system – for example: by extracting meaning

Answer 4

Encoding

Question 5

The retention of encoded information overtime

Answer 5

Storage

Question 6

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 6

Retrieval

Question 7

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 7

Sensory memory

Question 8

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before it is forgotten or stored

Answer 8

Short-term memory

Question 9

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Answer 9

Long-term memory

Question 10

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 10

Working memory

Question 11

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Answer 11

Explicit/declarative memory

Question 12

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 12

Effortful processing

Question 13

Unconscious encoding of incidental info (Space, time, word meanings)

Answer 13

Automatic processing

Question 14

Retention independent of conscious recollection

Answer 14

Implicit/non-declarative memory

Question 15

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting only a few tenths of a second

Answer 15

Ionic memory

Question 16

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Answer 16

Echoic memory

Question 17

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often automatic

Answer 17

Chunking

Question 18

Memory aids; especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 18

Mnemonics

Question 19

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention then is achieved through mass study or practice

Answer 19

Spacing effect

Question 20

Enhance memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information.

Answer 20

Testing effect/practice effect/test enhanced learning

Question 21

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Answer 21

Shallow processing

Question 22

Encoding semantically, yields the best retention

Answer 22

Deep processing

Question 23

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 23

Hippocampus

Question 24

The persistence of learning overtime it through the storage and retrieval of information

Answer 24

Memory

Question 25

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 25

Flashbulb memory

Question 26

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid simulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 26

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 27

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Answer 27

Priming

Question 28

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Answer 28

Serial position effect

Question 29

An inability to form new memories

Answer 29

Anterograde amnesia

Question 30

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past

Answer 30

Retrograde amnesia

Question 31

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 31

Proactive interference

Question 32

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Answer 32

Retroactive interference

Question 33

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banished from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Answer 33

Repression

Question 34

Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

Answer 34

Misinformation effect

Question 35

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Answer 35

Source amnesia/ source manipulation

Question 36

That eerie sense that “we experienced this before.”

Answer 36

Déjá vu

Question 37

Atkinson- Schiffrin model

Answer 37

Sensory/ LTM/ STM

Question 38

Two- track mind

Answer 38

Implicit= unconscious
Explicit= conscious
You can learn implicitly and explicitly simultaneously

Question 39

Imagery

Answer 39

Class activity, lazy leprechaun. Making images in your head to remember.

Question 40

Semantic processing

Answer 40

Encoding means using synonyms

Question 41

Self reference effect

Answer 41

Reference to yourself to remember

Question 42

Basal ganglia

Answer 42

Automatic memories; procedural memories

Question 43

Context dependent memories

Answer 43

Environment helps you remember

Question 44

State dependent memory

Answer 44

Drunk memories are recalled best in that same drunk state

Question 45

Recency effect

Answer 45

Remember most recent stuff

Question 46

Ebbinghus’ forgetting curve

Answer 46

You forget what you’re gonna forget fast. Forgetting happens due to to time.

Question 47

Memory construction

Answer 47

Creating a memory. Goes along with misinformation effect.

Question 48

Mood congruent memory

Answer 48

You remember something because of the mood you were in.