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SAM 2 > Shell Test 2 > Flashcards

Shell Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells secrete the inner mucin layer of tear film?

A

Goblet cells

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2
Q

What bacteria are part of the normal flora of the conjunctiva?

A

G+ cocci

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3
Q

What are some signs of conjunctivitis?

A

Hyperemia

Chemosis

Serous to mucopurulent discharge

Prominent lymphoid follicles

Blepharospasm (pain)

Pruritis

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4
Q

T/F: Mast cell tumors of the conjunctiva are often benign in dogs

A

True

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5
Q

Is primary conjunctivitis more common in dogs or cats?

A

Primary = cats

Secondary = dogs

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6
Q

Primary conjunctivitis is usually associated with what infectious agents?

A

Feline herpesvirus

Chlamydophila

Calici virus

Mycoplasma

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7
Q

What breeds are associated with ligneous or membranous conjunctivitis?

A

Dobe

Goldens

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8
Q

What breed is associated with plasmoma?

A

GSD

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9
Q

What breeds are associated with nodular grandulomatous episcleritis?

A

Collies

Shelties

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of conjunctivitis in cats/kittens?

A

Herpes

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11
Q

What clinical signs are associated with neonatal herpes?

A

Ankyloblepharon

Symblepharon

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12
Q

What clinical signs are associated with 8-12 week old kittend with herpes?

A

Upper respiratory signs

Ocular signs

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13
Q

In mature cats with herpes, where is the virus harbored?

A

Cranial nerve 5

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14
Q

How would you dx chlamydophila?

A

Conjunctival swab and PCR

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15
Q

If you see chemosis, whats the infectious agent?

A

Clamydophila

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16
Q

Tx for chlamydophila?

A

Topical tetracyclines, chloramphenicol

Systemic doxy if severe

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17
Q

What side effect is associated with tetracyclines in humans?

A

Bone marrow suppression

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18
Q

Chronic infectious conjunctivitis can lead to other ocular diseases in cats. What are they?

A

KCS

Epiphora

EØ keratoconjunctivitis

Sequestrum

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19
Q

What is the function of the inner mucin layer of the tear film?

A

Anchor aqueous tears to corneal epithelium

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20
Q

What is the function of the middle aqueous layer of the tear film?

A

Supply nutrients to cornea

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21
Q

What percent of the middle aqueous layer of the tear film is made from the lacrimal gland and the nictitans gland?

A

Lacrimal = 60-70%

Nictitans = 30-40%

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22
Q

What is the function of the outer lipid layer of the tear film?

A

Stabilize tear film

Slows evaporation

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23
Q

What are the two common tear film abnormalities?

A

Impaired production

Impaired drainage

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24
Q

What happens as a result of impaired production of the tear film?

A

KCS

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25
Q

What happens as a result of impaired drainage of the tear film?

A

Epiphora

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26
Q

What breeds are associated with congenital KCS?

A

Yorkies

Chihuahuas

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27
Q

What percent of acquired KCS is immune mediates?

A

80%

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28
Q

Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of lacrimal and nictitans glands is associated with what condition?

A

Acquired KCS

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29
Q

What infectious agents can cause nonimmune mediated KCS?

A

Distemper

Herpes

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30
Q

What drugs can cause acquired KCS?

A

Sulfa drugs

Etogesic (NSAID)

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31
Q

The loss of what cranial nerves can cause KCS?

A

5 and 7

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32
Q

What is the normal STT value for dogs?

A

≥15mm/min

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33
Q

STT value for early KCS

A

11-14

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34
Q

STT value for moderate KCS?

A

6-10

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35
Q

STT value for severe KCS?

A

<5

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36
Q

What is the normal STT value for cats?

A

10mm/min

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37
Q

T/F: There is no cure for KCS

A

True

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38
Q

What drugs are used to stimulate tear production?

A

Topical Cyclosporine A

Topical Tacrolimus

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39
Q

What is it called when normal hairs rub on the cornea?

A

Trichiasis

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40
Q

What is symblepharism?

A

Conjunctiva stuck to cornea

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41
Q

If you have a case with KCS that is also neurologic, what drug would you use?

A

Pilocarpine

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42
Q

What congenital disorders can cause epiphora?

A

Atresia

Imperforate punctum (usually lower)

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43
Q

Tx for epiphora?

A

Cannulate punctum and flush

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44
Q

What eye abnormality is associated with immune mediated thrombocytopenia?

A

Hyphema

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45
Q

What eye abnormality is associated with diabetes mellitus?

A

Cataracts

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46
Q

What eye abnormality is associated with hypertension?

A

Retinal detachment

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47
Q

What piece of equipment is used for direct funduscopy exam?

A

Opthalmoscope

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48
Q

What pieve of equipment is used for indirect funduscopy?

A

Condensing lens

Cobalt light source

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49
Q

What is the doctor word for bright light?

A

Photopic

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50
Q

What is the doctor word for dim light?

A

Scotopic

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51
Q

What cranial nerves are tested with the menace response?

A

2 and 7

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52
Q

What cranial nerves are tested with the dazzle reflex?

A

2 and 7

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53
Q

What cranial nerves are tested with PLR?

A

2 and 3

Also tests retina, iris sphincter, and mid-brain

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54
Q

What cranial nerves are tested with the palpebral blink reflex?

A

5 and 7

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55
Q

What cranial nerves are tested with the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

3, 4, 6, and 8

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56
Q

What is the order of diagnostic testing for eye disorders?

A

STT

Fluorescein stain

Tonometry

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57
Q

What is the normal IOP in dogs and cats?

A

10-25

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58
Q

Which type of tonometers require a topical anesthetic?

A

Indentation (Schiotz)

Applantation (Tonopen, Accupen)

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59
Q

Which type of tonometer does not require a topical anesthetic?

A

Rebound (Tono Vet)

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60
Q

What would cause a low IOP?

A

Uveitis

Decreased aqueous production d/t inflammation

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61
Q

What would cause a high IOP?

A

Restraint

Glaucoma

Jug occlusion

Pushing on globe

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62
Q

Why do you want to take the IOP before causing mydriasis?

A

Dont want to dilate the pupil if there is glaucoma

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63
Q

When is tropicamide contraindicated?

A

Glaucoma

Some lens luxations

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64
Q

How long does tropicamide last?

A

6-8 hours

65
Q

What are contraindications of steroids?

A

Corneal ulcer

Abscess

66
Q

Is buphthalmia associated with acute or chronic glaucoma?

A

Chronic

67
Q

What causes Haab’s striae? (stretch marks)

A

Break in Descemet’s membrane

68
Q

How does PLR differ from acute to chronic glaucoma?

A

Acute = poor to abscent

Chronic = abscent

69
Q

What breed is predisposed to open angle glaucoma?

A

Beagles

70
Q

What is the most common cause of glaucoma in cats?

A

Uveitis

71
Q

What diseases in cats can cause uveitis?

A

FIP

Toxo

72
Q

What drugs can be used to decrease aqueous production?

A

IV mannitol

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (amides)

73
Q

What drugs can be used ti increase outflow?

A

Travoprost - causes miosis

Timolol, betaxolol - decrease aqueous production and increase outflow

Pilocarpine, demecarium bromide - induce miosis

74
Q

What drugs do you use on the nonaffected eye in acute glaucoma cases?

A

Timolol

Dorzolamide

Demercarium bromide

75
Q

What drug is used for pharmacologic ablation of the ciliary body?

A

Gentamicin - vitreal injection

76
Q

What is the path of tear drainage?

A

Lacrimal puncta -> canaliculi -> sac -> NL duct -> nasal punctum

77
Q

What layer of the cornea is important in normal corneal epithleial cell turnover and wound healing?

A

Tear film

78
Q

How many days does it take for complete cell turnover of the epithelial layer?

A

7

79
Q

Is the epithelial layer of the cornea hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

80
Q

Is the stroma layer of the cornea hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

81
Q

How long does it take for complete cell turnover of the stroma?

A

2 years

82
Q

What cells are responsible for the removal of water from the cornea? What happens if these cells dont remove enough water?

A

Endothelial cells

The cornea becomes cloudy

83
Q

T/F: Descemet’s membrane stains with fluorescein

A

False

84
Q

What is a descemetocele?

A

Corneal ulcer that extends to Descemet’s membrane

85
Q

What layer of the cornea has limited to no mitotic activity?

A

Endothelium

86
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the cornea?

A

Trigeminal

87
Q

What is aqueous flare?

A

Particles in anterior chamber

88
Q

What bacteria can cause melting ulcers?

A

Pseudomonas

Staph

Strep

E. coli

89
Q

When would you do surgery for a corneal ulcer?

A

If its deep or may perforate

90
Q

What type of ulcers have a crater-like lesion?

A

Descemetocele

Melting ulcer

91
Q

T/F: The iris can prolapse because of a corneal laceration

A

True

92
Q

T/F: Bullous keratopathy does not always ulcerate

A

True

93
Q

What is the growth rate of corneal blood vessels?

A

1mm/day

94
Q

How do steroids prevent ulcers from healing?

A

Potentiate infection

Slow epithelialization

Slow vascularization

95
Q

Classify the ulcer: Uncomplicated ulcer that involves variable degrees of loss of the corneal epithelium and basement membrane. Does not extend into stroma

A

Acute Superficial

96
Q

Tx for acute superficial corneal ulceration?

A

BNP (not in cats)

Antivirals (cats w/ herpes)

Atropine to prevent synechia

Pain meds

97
Q

How long does it take for most acute superficial corneal ulcers to heal?

A

2-6 days

98
Q

What happens to the layers of the cornea with nonhealing superficial ulcers?

A

The epithelium does not stick to the stroma

99
Q

Tx for nonhealing superficial ulcers?

A

Tx as for normal superficial ulcer

Debride ulcer

Grid or punctate keratotomy if no response to debridement

Superficial keratectomy if all else fails

100
Q

Why is sufercicial keratectomy not recommended in cats?

A

May predispose to formation of a corneal sequestrum

101
Q

What breeds more commonly get deep ulcers?

A

Brachycephalics

102
Q

How do melting ulcers form?

A

Exogenous proteases released by bacteria (usually G-) cause collagenolysis of stroma

103
Q

When treating a deep ulcer, if the cornea is perforated or looks close to perforation, should you use ointments or drops?

A

Drops

Avoid ointments (petroleum product)

104
Q

How often should abx drops be applied to deep ulcers?

A

1-2 hours for 24 hours

105
Q

T/F: Topical NSAIDs are best for deep ulcers

A

False

Systemic are best

Avoid topical

106
Q

What breeds are predisposed to superficial punctate keratitis?

A

Dachshunds

Shelties

Pannus breeds

107
Q

What is the only type of ulcer that it is acceptable to use steroids?

A

Superficial punctate keratitis

108
Q

What is the most likely cause of superficial punctate keratitis?

A

Mucin deficiency

109
Q

Tx for bullous keratopathy?

A

Topical 5% sodium chloride ointment

Thermokeratoplasty (surgery)

110
Q

What breeds get pannus?

A

GSD

Greyhounds

111
Q

What will exacerbate pannus?

A

UV light

High altitudes

112
Q

Progressive, bilateral, inflammatory nonulcerative potentially blinding condition = ?

A

Pannus

113
Q

Tx for pannus?

A

Dexamethasone

Cyclosporine

Tacrolimus

114
Q

T/F: Pannus is curable

A

False

It is controllable but not curable

115
Q

Do dogs or cats have a well-myelinated optic nerve?

A

Dogs

116
Q

What causes hyperreflectivity of the retina?

A

Thinning of retinal layers

Inflammation, degeneration, toxins, ischemia

117
Q

What causes hyporeflectivity of the retina?

A

Fluid or cell infiltrate between retina and tapetum

Hypertension, inflammation, infection, neoplasia, polycythemia

118
Q

Night blindness is an early sign of what?

A

Progressive retinal atrophy

119
Q

What are the exam findings of retinal or optic nerve disorders?

A

Absent menace

Usually dilated pupils with poor or absent PLRs if lesion is located in fundus or optic nerve or optic chiasm

120
Q

What does an ERG test and what can it distinguish?

A

Tests retinal function

Can distinguish retinal blindness from optic nerve or intracranial blindness

121
Q

What is a good diagnostic test for SARDS?

A

ERG

122
Q

What is the condition with a hole in the retina?

A

Coloboma

123
Q

Coloboma predisposes animals to what other eye conditions?

A

Retinal detachment

Hemorrhage

124
Q

What retinal abnormality can be seen in an animal with congenital retinal dysplasia?

A

Retinal folds - look like dark gray lines

125
Q

Signalment for SARDs?

A

Dogs

5-10 years old

Often obese

126
Q

Exam findings of SARDs?

A

Acute onset blindness

Mydriasis

Slow or no PLRs

Positive but slow dazzle

127
Q

What do you do when you see retinal hemorrhage?

A

Take blood pressure

128
Q

Tx for retinal detachment?

A

Laser retinal reattachment

Tx underlying dz

Enucleation if chronic (hyphema, glaucoma) and painful

129
Q

What are the causes of retinal degeneration in cats and dogs?

A

Cats = Baytril >5mg/kg/day, taurine deficiency (oval hyperreflectivity lateral to optic disc)

Dogs = Ivermectin (improve 2-10 days)

Ethylene glycol = retinal detachment

130
Q

What breed gets uveodermatologic syndrome?

A

Akitas

131
Q

What is the difference between congenital optic nerve hypoplasia and micropapilla?

A

Hypoplasia = blind

Micropapilla = visual

132
Q

What are the 3 acquired lens conditions?

A

Nuclear sclerosis

Cataracts

Luxations

133
Q

T/F: Nuclear sclerosis is not a disease?

A

True

134
Q

T/F: Nuclear sclerosis affects vision

A

False

135
Q

T/F: You can see the fundus with nuclear sclerosis

A

True

136
Q

At about what age do dogs develop nuclear sclerosis? Cats?

A

7 years

Later than dogs

137
Q

What is the difference between nuclear sclerosis and advanced nuclear sclerosis?

A

With advanced:

Fundus view is obscured

Vision is impaired

Found in dogs >14 years old (older in cats)

138
Q

What is the most common cause of cataracts?

A

Developmental

139
Q

What metabolic diseases are associated with cataracts?

A

DM

Cushing’s

140
Q

What % of dogs with diabeetush develop cataracts within one year of diagnosis?

A

75-80%

141
Q

Special type of cataract that can cause uveitis and possibly glaucoma?

A

Intumescent cataract

142
Q

Why dont cats get cataracts associated with DM?

A

Dont use the sorbitol pathway

143
Q

T/F: PLR presence does not necessarily mean absence of retinal disease

A

True

144
Q

In regards to lens diseases, which ones do you refer and which do you not?

A

Refer - Lens luxations/subluxations, cataracts with uveitis

Keep - Cataracts w/o uveitis

145
Q

What breeds are associated with liquefaction of the vitreous?

A

Italian greyhounds

Whippets

146
Q

What causes asteroid hyalosis?

A

Calcium and phospholipids condense within vitreal gel

147
Q

What structure of the eye makes the aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body

148
Q

What is a coloboma?

A

Holes or defects in uveal tissue (iris or choroid)

149
Q

What condition can be confused with nuclear sclerosis?

A

Iris atrophy

150
Q

Which type of iris atrophy has scalloped margins?

A

Senile iris atrophy

151
Q

Which type of iris atrophy has holes in the iris?

A

Stromal iris atrophy (essential iris atrophy)

152
Q

In what breed do you need to refer uveal cysts and why?

A

Goldens

Associated with uveitis

153
Q

How would you differentiate neoplasia from uveal cysts?

A

Use a slit lamp

You can see thougha cyst but not a tumor

154
Q

What is the most common intraocular tumor?

A

Uveal melanoma

155
Q

Why should you enucleate blind traumatized cat eyes?

A

Prevent the development of ocular sarcoma

156
Q

What is the most common metastatic tumor in the eye?

A

Lymphoma

157
Q

What is the hallmark of uveitis?

A

Aqueous flare

158
Q

What are the specific clinical signs associated with uveitis?

A

Aqueous flare

Miosis

Hypopyon or hyphema

159
Q

What do doses >5mg/kg/d of baytril in cats cause?

A

Dilated pupils

Blindness

Retinal degeneration

SAM 2 (6 decks)

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