Chapter 8 Joints

Question 1

Joints Function

Answer 1

• Functional junctions between bones
• Bind parts of skeletal system together
• Make bone growth possible
• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth -Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions

Question 2

Structural Classification of Joints

Answer 2

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Question 3

Functional Classification of Joints:

Answer 3

Synarthrotic—immovable

Amphiarthrotic—slightly movable

Diarthrotic—freely movable

Question 4

Synovial Joints

Answer 4

Most joints are synovial joints

All are diarthrotic joints

Question 5

Structure of synovial joint

Answer 5

Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones

Joint capsule, consists of 2 layers:

• Outer fibrous layer, composed of ligaments
• Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid

Question 6

Fibrous joints

Answer 6

are held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers; found in bones in close contact (Tibia/Fibula, Radius/Ulna)

Question 7

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage There are 2 types of cartilaginous joints

Question 8

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Answer 8

Round head in cup-shaped cavity

Widest range of motion

Multiaxial, plus rotation Hip, shoulder

Question 9

Condylar Joint

Answer 9

Oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity

Back-and-forth, side-to-side movement

Biaxial movement, no rotation

Joints between metacarpals & phalanges

Question 10

Plane Joint

Answer 10

Also called gliding joint Almost flat, or slightly curved Back-and-forth and twisting

Nonaxial movement

Wrist and ankle joints

Question 11

Hinge Joint

Answer 11

Convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone Uniaxial movement (in 1 plane)

Elbow, joints between phalanges

Question 12

Pivot Joint

Answer 12

Cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone Uniaxial movement

Rotation only Atlas (C1) and dens of axis (C2)

Question 13

Saddle Joint

Answer 13

Both bones have concave and convex surfaces

Biaxial movement (in 2 planes)

Carpal & metacarpal of thumb

Question 14

Joint Movement

Answer 14

Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts, and its fibers pull the insertion towards the origin

Relatively fixed end of a skeletal muscle is called the origin

More movable end of a skeletal muscle is called the insertion

Question 15

Shoulder Joint Bones

Answer 15

Humerus

Scapulae (glenoid cavity)

Question 16

Shoulder Joint Ligaments

Major ligaments of the shoulder joint:

• Coracohumeral ligament
• Glenohumeral ligaments
• Transverse humeral ligament

Answer 16

Question 17

Hip Joint Ligaments

Major ligaments of the hip joint:

• Iliofemoral ligament (strongest ligament in body)
• Pubofemoral ligament
• Ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 17

Question 18

Knee Joint Bones

Question 19

Knee Joint Ligaments

Major ligaments of the knee joint:

• Patellar ligament
• Tibial (medial) collateral

ligament

• Anterior cruciate ligament
• Posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 19

Question 20

Abduction/Adduction

Lateral Flexion

Flexion, Extension

Answer 20

Question 21

• Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
• Circumduction / rotation
• Medial rotation / lateral rotation
• Supination / pronation

Answer 21

Question 22

• Inversion / eversion
• Protraction / retraction
• Elevation / depression

Answer 22

Question 23