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Sociology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary deviance

A

Initial act of rule breaking. Ex: smoking weed one time

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2
Q

Secondary deviance

A

Someone has been labeled as deviant, accepts that identity, and continues the deviant behavior. Ex: smoking weed a bunch of times

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3
Q

Tertiary deviance

A

Person has been labeled as deviant and now seeks to normalize the behavior by labeling it as OK. Ex: being an activist to legalize marijuana

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4
Q

Deviance

A

Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs

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5
Q

Durkheim’s deviance beliefs

A

Rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. Deviance is natural and inevitable.

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6
Q

What do functionalists believe deviance does

A

Clarifies rules: by punishing deviant behaviors society reaffirms its commitment to the rules and clarifies their meaning
United a group: when the behavior is seen as a threat to a group they come together in opposition to the behavior
Promotes social change: deviants may violate the norms to get them changed. Ex: bus boycotts

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7
Q

Getting a nose ring or a tattoo

A

Diversion

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8
Q

Social bond theory

A

Based off of how locked in you are with your community. The more you are, the less likely you are to be deviant. Ex: kid wants to do well for parents and doesn’t want to let them down

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9
Q

Attachment (social bond)

A

Kid feels obligation to do well for their parents

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10
Q

Commitment (social bond)

A

Having a stake in society. If we have something to lose we won’t screw up. Invest too much time and energy to throw it away

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11
Q

Involvement (social bond)

A

If we stay busy w legitimate reasons we won’t have time to deviate

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12
Q

Belief (social bond)

A

Sense of allegiance to values and morals

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13
Q

Strain theory

A

When we have goals but don’t have what we need to achieve them it causes a strain & results in deviance. Merton. Ex: goal is material things and money, what you need to achieve it is a good education and a job.

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14
Q

Conformism

A

Agreeing with the goals and the means

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15
Q

Innovation

A

Agreeing with the goal but not the means. Ex: drug dealer wants to be wealthy but does it in a deviant way

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16
Q

Ritualism

A

No longer caring about goals but still doing what you need to achieve them. Ex: bank teller just does what they need to and goes through the motions

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17
Q

Retreatism

A

Does not care about goals or means. Giving up

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18
Q

Rebellion

A

Changing the goals and the means

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19
Q

Illegitimate opportunity structure theory

A

A lot like strain theory, in order for deviance to occur people have to have access to the things that allow them to wrongly achieve the goals they desire

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20
Q

Conflict crimes

A

Crimes not everyone agrees on. Ex: smoking weed

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21
Q

Consensus crimes

A

Crimes everyone can agree are punishable. Ex: murder

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22
Q

Conflict theory

A

People who are poor and have low income are more likely to be seen as criminals

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23
Q

Differential association theory

A

People you hang out with matter. If they’re deviant you probably will be too and vice versa

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24
Q

Discreditable stigma

A

Not obvious. Not perceived by others.

25
Q

Discredited stigma

A

Obvious to other people

26
Q

Labeling theory

A

Deviance is socially constructed and certain people are designated as deviants and they come to accept this label. Primary secondary and tertiary.

27
Q

White collar crimes

A

Crimes made by individuals. Done for personal gain. Nothing for their company only for themselves. Harder to catch than street crimes. Ex: embezzlement

28
Q

Corporate crimes

A

Crimes made by entire company. Profit motive

29
Q

What kinda of victims do corporations choose?

A

Weak victims. Choose crimes that involve least detection, least identification, and greatest profit

30
Q

Corporate sociopathy

A

Corporations have no morals

31
Q

From Clinard and Yeager’s study what percentage of the top 100 corporations have been charged multiple times?

A

42%

32
Q

World Health Organization’s percentage of diseases that are waterborne

A

75%

33
Q

Halliburton and KBR

A

Purposely exposed US soldiers to toxic materials in Iraq. Called it the new desert storm disease. Put toxic materials in local water plant that soldiers were working at.

34
Q

Defense contractor pay vs army private and general pays

A

Defense industry CEO’s were paid 44 times more than generals and 308 times more than privates

35
Q

Emelle Alabama

A

World’s largest toxic waste dump. “Cadillac of waste dumps”

36
Q

Percent of hazardous waste disposed of unsafely

A

90%

37
Q

New trend in environmental crime

A

Labs falsify their pollution test results to achieve EPA standards

38
Q

How much does it cost to dump a ton of waste in the US? In a developing country?

A

$5000 in US. $3.00 in developing countries

39
Q

Where are most toxic dumps?

A

Communities with high percentages of minorities and poor people. Also a lot in the south: Louisiana Mississippi Texas Alabama and North Carolina

40
Q

3 forms of toxic terror

A
  1. Sale of dangerous chemicals to under developed and developing nations
  2. Exports of hazardous waste
  3. Construction of polluting factories
41
Q

External restraint theory

A

Suicide and homicide are two sides of aggression. Intense frustration and weak external restraints results in suicide. Intense frustration and strong external restraints results in murder

42
Q

Factors that mediate external restraints

A

Socialization via physical punishment results in outward aggression(murder). Socialization via psychological punishment results in inward aggression(suicide)

43
Q

Who is likely to murder?

A

Young men. Uneducated and poor people. Family members and friends

44
Q

Where are murders likely to take place?

A

In south rural areas. More interaction with intimates and that’s who kills

45
Q

What is the exception to murders being in rural areas and why?

A

Large cities just because of the proximity

46
Q

What weapon are people likely to murder with?

A

Guns. 5 times more successful than knives

47
Q

Does Arkansas compensate for wrongful conviction?

A

No

48
Q

What accounts for most wrongful convictions?

A

Eyewitness misidentification

49
Q

FBI uniform crime report

A

Official data on crime in the US

50
Q

USA prisons vs other countries

A

We have way more people and kill more people than any other country

51
Q

Disintegrative shaming

A

Labels offenders and forbids them from local community. Can result in violence

52
Q

Reintegrative shaming

A

Focuses on helping the offender learn with support from community to help them change

53
Q

Violent crime decrease between 2001-2010

A

Between 6-9%

54
Q

Street crime

A

Happens publicly. Bad, but there’s worse crimes out there. Ex: drug dealing

55
Q

Property crime

A

The taking or destruction of others property. Burglary, theft, arson

56
Q

For profit prison

A

Individuals are physically confined by a third party that is contracted by a government agency

57
Q

War on drugs

A

74% of drug users are white, but only make up 10% of drug offenses locked up. 14% of drug users are black, but make up 74% of those locked up for drug offense. Latinos are 10% of drug users but are 15% locked up

58
Q

Institutional racism

A

Police and other authoritative figures being mostly placed in areas where minorities live. Leads to them being the main ones locked up

59
Q

Julie debates stealing something from the mall but decides not to. This is an example of what?

A

Her social bond to society

Sociology (3 decks)

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