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DEMS Unit 1 > Dig sys > Flashcards

Dig sys Flashcards

1
Q

Going from the duodenum → ileum, what happens to:

lymphocyte + villi

A 
More lymphocytes (peyers patches)
Villi get shorter
See more goblet sells (more mucus secreted)
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2
Q

1 Duct cells secrete
2 Acinar cells secrete

3 Islets of langerhans secrete
(endocrine portion)

A

1 NaHCO3

2 Digestive enzymes

3 Insulin, glucagon
- well vascularized (makes sense, H goes to blood)

(all in pancreas)

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3
Q

Chief cells secrete

parietal cells (fried egg) secrete

A

pepsinogen

HCl + IF
- targets for PPI

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4
Q

What type of cells do you expect to see in duodenum? What do they secrete

A

Brunners gland: secrete HCO3 to neutralize chyme.
longer villi than ileum
- only in duod
- also secrete mucin

Panneth cells (at bottom of crypts): secretes defensins, lysozymes, phospholipases

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5
Q

Enterocyte fxn

A
  1. Enterokinase found at surface: activates trypsinogen
  2. Lactase, maltase, sucrase: degrade dissacharides → monosaccharides
  3. Uptake Monoglycerides and FA
    - resynthesizes them to triglycerides and release by exocytosis
  4. Reuptake bile salts in micelles
  5. take up peptides + degrade them on route
  6. Move IgA (opp direction towards villi than the rest)
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6
Q

What type of nervous system regulate a produce local gut motility? What fxn does the coordinated input from the CNS provide?

A

Intrinsic (enteric) NS outside of the CNS

Coordinated input from parasympathetic fibers and sympathetic fibers from the CNS allows

  1. coordination of peristalsis
  2. affect blood vessels and glands
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7
Q

structural properties of smooth muscle in the gut that contribute to its performance as a single functional unit

A

SM cells are held together by mechanical jxns that are connected to eachother via gap jxns (allowing cell-cell communication)
- innervated by autonomic nerves, capable of activating mult muscle cells

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8
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa/adventitia
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9
Q

What makes up the mucosa? Which section is innervated by the Messeiner Plexus?

A 
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
- this layer of SM that is the origin of glands
- keeps surface of epithelium clean
- innervated by Messeiner plexus
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10
Q

What makes up the submucosa? Which two places do submucosal glands only occur?

A 
denser CT
large BVs
nerve plexus
lymphatic nodules
scattered lymphoid cells
  • Esophagus (esophageal glands)
  • Duodenum (Brunner’s glands)
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11
Q

What makes up the muscularis externa? Fxn? Which nerve plexus is found between the two layers of m?

A

Inner circular smooth muscle
Outer longitudinal smooth muscle
Nerve plexus

  • fxns in peristalsis and churning of lumen contents
  • Auerbach’s/Myenteric plexus
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12
Q

What makes up the serosa/adventitia?

A

Outer covering of squamous epithelial cells (mesothelium)

Connective tissue

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13
Q

How does digestive system protect itself from autodigestion?

A

Except for esophagus and anal regions:
GI tract is lined by mucous that protects inner layers of epi from harsh acidic states/enzymes
Also, pancrease secrete zymogens (inactive enzymes)

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14
Q

How does digestive system protect itself from pathogenic bacterial invasion?

A
  1. Peyer’s patch: immune surveillance of intestinal lumen + generation of immune response w/in mucosa
    - macrophages, DCs, B+T cells are found here
  2. M cells: cover Peyer’s patches
    - Ag uptake cells
    - presents Ag to lymphocytes and macrophages
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15
Q

Why can reflux cause a burning sensation (heartburn) in the lower esophagus?

A

the esophagus lacks a thick mucous covering (it does have mucosa glands to give some lubrication)

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16
Q

Type of muscle seen at each level:
Upper 1/3 esophagus
Middle 1/3
Lower 1/3

A

Upper 1/3 : skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3: mix skeletal + SM
Lower 1/3: SM

17
Q

normal histology of the esophagus including the epithelial transition at the junction with the stomach.

A

esophagus: stratified squamous epi, esophageal glands, thick muscularis mucosa

gastroesophageal jxn:
transition from stratified squamous → intestinal simple columnar

18
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells in the gland region of the stomach secrete?

A

Gastrin

- help increase HCl release in stomach

19
Q

Which part of the stomach secretes mucus?

A

cardia
fundus
pylorus

20
Q

which part of the stomach secretes acid and peptic digestive products and mucus?

A

fundus (main body)

21
Q

which part of the stomach has a large preponderance of endocrine cells that secrete gastrin?

A

pylorus

22
Q 
Name what they secrete:
A cells
D cells
E cells
G cells
A

A cells - glucAgon
D cells - somaDostaDin
E cells - sErotonin
G cells - Gastrin (in pyloric region)

  • all are found in stomach and small intestine
  • D and E are also found in large intestines
23
Q

Ulceration are commonly due to _______.

Zollinger-Ellinson syndrome is due to ______

A

H. pylori infxn

Excessive secretion of gastrin → overproduction of HCl by parietal cells → inadequate neutralization in small intestin → duodenal ulcers

24
Q

Which has the best developed plicae circularis?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

A

Jejunum

also has villi decreasing distally

25
Q

Which has the most goblet cells and lymphatic tissues?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

A

Ileum

  • need most protection/lube
  • need good immune response 4 poo
26
Q

98% of the pancreas is dedicated to (pick on) exocrine/endocrine fxn?

A

Exocrine

it also contains islet of langherhans for glucagon + insulin

27
Q

Efferent fibers of the myenteric plexus innervate the ___

A

muscularis externa

28
Q

Characteristics of the large intestine

A 
smooth
lacks villi/plicae
numerous straight tubular glands/crypts
epithelial layer
- mucous prod
- absorptive
removal of H2O + salt 
- [ ] fecal material
29
Q

structure of intestinal villus and role in nutrient abs

A

Intestinal villi: contains loose lamina propria w/ small blood vessels and capillaries, lymphocytes, small lymphatic spaces (that join larger lymphatic vessel)

  • nutrients taken up by capillaries will go to hepatic portal system
30
Q

In the crypts of lieberkuhn, stem cells are found in the lower 1/3 of the crypt at the neck. What do they give rise to?

A

mucous cells
enterocytes
paneth cells

(remember that paneth cells have eosinophilic granules that contain defensins, lysozymes, and phospholipase)

31
Q

2 enzymes synthesized by pancreas straight into active form

A

amylase

ribonuclease

32
Q

Which part of the gut contains crypts of lieberkuhn?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum
colon

DEMS Unit 1 (34 decks)

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