10/15 Lecture - Done

Question 1

One recreationist for 12 hours OR two recreationists for six hours each equal…

Answer 1

Recreation visitor day

Question 2

A distinct individual who uses an outdoor recreation area, regardless of length of stay or number of visits is a…

Answer 2

Recreation visitor

Question 3

Give 3 ways to measure the number of outdoor recreation users

Answer 3

1) Voluntary registration at trailhead
2) Mandatory permits
3) Traffic counter

Question 4

Give the 7 categories of Leave No Trace (LNT) principles

Answer 4

1) PLAN ahead/prepare,
2) Travel/camp on DURABLE SURFACES,
3) DISPOSE of a waste properly,
4) LEAVE what you find,
5) Minimize CAMPFIRE impacts,
6) Respect WILDLIFE, and
7) Be CONSIDERATE of other visitors

(Nemonic: Purple Dogs Drink Liquid Courage While Chewing)

Question 5

In Trail etiquette, who should BIKERS yield to who?

Answer 5

Hikers AND equestrian

Question 6

In Trail etiquette, who should HIKERS yield to?

Answer 6

Equestrian users

Question 7

On the Sweeney Ridge field trip, which trail condition assessment method did we use?

Answer 7

Rapid-Assessment Method

Question 8

Give 2 ways measuring trail condition assists land managers

Answer 8

1) Maintaining public safety

2) Assessing/mitigating maintenance costs

Question 9

One entry by one person for any part of a day is measured as one…

Answer 9

Recreation visit

Question 10

_______ focuses on the NUMBER of recreational users w/out examining their motivations or behaviors; limiting it can help lower the number of people at one time (PAOT), but still not reduce visitor impacts.

Answer 10

Carrying capacity

Question 11

Using a standards–based approach, this system identifies standards in advance. It is the most common system and focuses on the level of user impact instead of user numbers.

Answer 11

Visitor impact management (VIM) systems

Question 12

Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) focuses on the protection of what 2 things?

Answer 12

1) Natural resources

2) Visitor experience

Question 13

In this management approach, popular in the U.S., stakeholders and management identify biophysical and visitor social conditions that are desired, implementing interventions when desired conditions are not met.

Answer 13

Limits of acceptable change (LAC)

Question 14

T/F Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) offers more flexibility than carrying capacity.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

List the 3 steps in Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC)

Answer 15

1) Select biological and social INDICATORS of concern
2) Establish STANDARDS for each indicator
3) MONITOR conditions and if acceptable limits or exceeded, make management changes

(Nemonic: INDICATORS STANDARDIZE MONITORing)

Question 16

List the 7 steps of Visitor Impact Management Systems (VIMS)

Answer 16

1) Review park management OBJECTIVES
2) Select key impact INDICATORS
3) Select STANDARDS for key impact indicators
4) COMPARE standards to existing conditions
5) If discrepancy, ID probable causes of impacts
6) Identify direct and indirect management STRATEGIES to reduce impact
7) IMPLEMENT strategies

Question 17

What are the 3 types of UNINTENTIONAL negative OR behavior?

Answer 17

1) Unavoidable (small amounts of hiker’s food feeds wild animals)
2) Uninformed (hiker doesn’t know about need to store food properly)
3) Unskilled (doesn’t know how to store food properly)

(Nemonic: Ignorant Assholes = Stupidity)

Question 18

Carelessness, releaser-cued, denial, protest, or material gain are all examples of what type of negative OR behavior?

Answer 18

Intentional

Question 19

Give an example of a DIRECT approach to mitigating negative user behavior.

Answer 19

Imposing rules and regulations (Ex:, restricting specific behaviors, group sizes, length of stay, etc.)

MORE??

Question 20

Give an example of an INDIRECT approach to mitigating negative user behavior.

Answer 20

EXAMPLES:

1) Modify physical setting (install FENCES, move trail, etc.)
2) Info and education (improve user understanding of issues; encourage Leave No Trace)
3) User involvement (encourage volunteering, partnerships)
4) Fees (reduces # of visitors)

Question 21

T/F When dealing with negative user behavior, managers and staff of protected areas should GENERALLY use the most light-handed approaches vs. heavy-handed approaches that will achieve park objectives.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

According to the Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein and Isen, 1985), you often cannot change behavior w/out first changing user _____ and _____.

Answer 22

Beliefs and attitudes

BA