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Anatomy > Blood, Vasculature, Heart, Lymphatic, Respiratory System > Flashcards

Blood, Vasculature, Heart, Lymphatic, Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

albumin?

A

produced by liver, maintains appropriate balance of h2o

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2
Q

globulin?

A

defense mechanism

antibodies

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3
Q

fibrinogen

A

clotting factor

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4
Q

Glucose?

A

energy

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5
Q

Electrolytes?

A

balance of outside of cell

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6
Q

platelets?

A

broken off bone marrow

CLOTTING

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7
Q

Leukocytes

A

recognize foreign particles- either eat or send somewhere to be rid of

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8
Q

erythrocytes?

A

transport of oxygen

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9
Q

Flow of blood through heart?

A

superior/inferior vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> bicuspid valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –> body

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10
Q

dif between arteries & veins?

A

Arteries are thick walled and have elastic fibers

Veins are flattened, thin, and have no elastic fibers

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11
Q

tunica intima?

A

innermost layer, simple squamous epithelium

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12
Q

tunica media?

A

middle, muscular wall

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13
Q

tunica adventitia?

A

outermost layer, connective tissue sheath

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14
Q

ex of large veins?

A

pulmonary

superior and inferior vena cava

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15
Q

ex of large arteries?

A

pulmonary trunk

aorta (+ branches)

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16
Q

ex of medium veins?

A

skeletal muscle

body organs

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17
Q

ex of medium arteries?

A

skeletal muscles

body organs

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18
Q

venules?

A

vessels that bring blood to capillaries

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19
Q

arteriorles?

A

smallest arteries

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20
Q

what are capillaries?

A

thin-walled vessels
permit gas exchange
size of diameter of erythrocyte
made of only endothelial cells

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21
Q

what are continuous capillaries?

A

permit the diffusion of h2o
SMALL solutes
fat soluble material

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22
Q

what are fenstrated capillaries?

A

contain pores

permit exchange of LARGE solutes (peptides)

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23
Q

why are there valves in veins?

A

to prevent backflow- bp is too low to maintain it

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24
Q

veinoconstriction

A

contraction of smooth muscles in walls of veins reducing diameter and therefore the amt of blood in veins

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25
Q

where do capillaries run within the lungs?

A

alveoli

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26
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic trunk (right subclavian, right common carotid), left common carotid, left subclavian

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27
Q

branches of the left subclavian?

A

vertebral, internal thoracic— (to axillary to brachial.. etc)

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28
Q

what are the superficial veins of the forearm?

A

cephalic, basilic, median cubital

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29
Q

where does the internal common carotid bring blood to?

A

brain

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30
Q

where does the external common carotid bring blood to?

A

face (specifically) and head

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31
Q

where does the vertebral a. run through?

A

transverse foramina

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32
Q

brachiocephalic vein?

A

drains area supplied by brachiocephalic a.

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33
Q

circle of willis?

A

drains dural venous sinuses, internal jugular veins to the superior vena cava, right side side of heart

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34
Q

what are the 3 major branches of the descending aorta?

A

celiac trunk, superior mesentaric, inferior mesentaric

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35
Q

paired branches of the descending aorta?

A

renal, gonadal, common illiac

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36
Q

branches of celiac trunk?

A

l. gastric a., common hepatic a., splenic a.

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37
Q

branches of superior mesentaric a.?

A

r. colic a., ileocolic a., middle colic a. (right side of digestive system)

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38
Q

branches of inferior mesenteric a.?

A

l. colic, sigmoid, rectal

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39
Q

what is the significance of hepatic portal system?

A

carries blood to the capillary beds of the liver for filtration of toxins and to deliver nutrients to it

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40
Q

what IS a portal system?

A

when a capillary bed goes to another capillary bed without going to the heart first

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41
Q

branches of splenic vein?

A

left gastroepipiotic and right gastroepipotic

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42
Q

flow of blood to lower extremity?

A

external iliac, femoral, popliteal, anterior/posterior tibial, plantars, pedis

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43
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

connective tissue sac that the heart sits in

stabilizes the positioning of the heart

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44
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

center of chest between pleura (sacs of lungs)

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45
Q

epicardium?

A

outermost layer

produces fluid to reduce friction

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46
Q

myocardium

A

muscular layer

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47
Q

endocardium?

A

innermost epithelial layer

lines chambers and valves and chambers

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48
Q

function of cardiac muscle?

A

moves blood, maintains BP

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49
Q

intercalcated disks?

A

synchronizes cardiac muscle contraction thorugh electronic signals
shorten as well as TWIST to move blood to and from

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50
Q

aricles of the heart?

A

“ears” over the atria

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51
Q

coronary sulcus?

A

groove between atrium and ventricle

where rt. coronary artery sits

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52
Q

anterior interventricular sulcus?

A

depression between r & l ventricles

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53
Q

fxn of coronary arteries?

A

to bring oxygenated blood to the heart itself

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54
Q

rt. coronary artery?

A

blood to r. atrium

includes marginal a. (blood to r. chambers)

55
Q

l. coronary a.?

A

l. atrium, l. ventricle, interventricular septum

56
Q

circumflex a.

A

goes around the back of the heart

57
Q

anterior interventricular a.

A

runs along ventricular septum

58
Q

where do most cardiac blockages occur?

A

within the coronary arteries

59
Q

small cardiac vein?

A

drains from r. atrium and r. ventricle

60
Q

great cardiac vein?

A

drains blood from anterior interventricular artery

61
Q

posterior cardiac vein?

A

drains from circumflex to coronary sinus

62
Q

coronary sinus?

A

receives venous blood from heart to the rt. atrium

63
Q

middle cardiac vein?

A

drains posterior inrerventricular artery

64
Q

pectinate muscles?

A

“meshwork” squeezes the blood out

65
Q

traebeculae carnae?

A

meshwork + meat.

walls of the heart

66
Q

cordae tendenae

A

heart strings

67
Q

while atria are contracting….

A

ventricles are relaxed and filling

68
Q

while ventricles are contracting…

A

atria are relaxed and filling

69
Q

lymph

A

fluid connective tissue that enters lymph vessel

70
Q

lymphocytes

A

immunity cells; fight against foreign cells

71
Q

where do lymphatic vessels drain?

A

into venous blood

72
Q

what are primary lymph tissues?

A

where lymphocytes grow and mature
bone marrow
thymus gland

73
Q

what are secondary lymph tissues?

A 
where lymphocytes are activated and reproduced
lymph nodes
tonsils
gut, resp, urinary, resp
appendix
spleen
74
Q

dirty lymph goes in…

A

clean lymph comes out!

75
Q

how does lymph flow?

A

between the endothelial lining that overlaps; exchanges near capillaries

76
Q

superficial lymphatics

A

underneath epithelial layers; beneath subcutaneous

77
Q

deep lymphatics

A

accompany deep arteries

78
Q

what does the thoracic duct do?

A

collection; dumps into l. internal jugular & l. subclavian

79
Q

cisterna chyli

A

most inferior of thoracic duct; receives lymph from lower trunk and lower extremities

80
Q

lymphocytes

A

body defense cells; are sensitive to antigens (chemical signals)

81
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

attack foreign cells

82
Q

helper T

A

stimulate and activate lymphocytes

83
Q

supressor T

A

inhibit activation of lymphocytes

84
Q

B cells

A

through plasma, produce ANTIBODIES

85
Q

NK (natural killer) cells

A

attack bad cells

immune surveillance throughout the body

86
Q

bone marrow fxn?

A

maintains lymphocytes

87
Q

thymosins

A

hormones made by thymus

promote growth of lymphocytes

88
Q

Afferent lymphatics

A

lymph to lymph nodes

89
Q

dendritic cells

A

initate immune response in lymph node

90
Q

outer cortex

A

where lymph flows –> where B cells are located

91
Q

deep cortex

A

T cells

92
Q

medullary sinus

A

B cells, plasmid cells

93
Q

Efferent lymphatics

A

filtered lymph leaves the nodes to venous circulation

94
Q

thymus

A

maturation of lymph cells before puberty

later becomes adipose tissue

95
Q

spleen

A

largest lymph organ

96
Q

functions of spleen

A

removes abnormal cells
stores Fe recycled by erythrocytes
initiates immune response

97
Q

upper respiratory system?

A

warms, filters, humidifies incoming air

98
Q

what does the URI consist of?

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

99
Q

lower respiratory system?

A

where actual air goes to & from gas exchange surfaces

100
Q

what does the LRI consist of?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli

101
Q

fxns of respiratory system?

A

gas exchange, protection of rest surfaces from outside world, produce speaking sounds, olfactory stimuli

102
Q

what kind of cells make up the respiratory mucosa?

A

epithelium (makes up upper respiratory system)

103
Q

what are goblet cells?

A

cells that produce mucus

104
Q

what is the mucus escalator?

A

moves mucus (and debris) toward pharynx to either be coughed up or swallowed

105
Q

what are cilia?

A

hair-like structures that move things

move mucus out.

106
Q

lamina propria

A

loose connective tissue that supports epithelium

contains mucus glands

107
Q

why are there different kinds of mucosa in the respiratory system?

A

each serves a different function

108
Q

what kind of epithelium does the pharynx contain?

A

stratified squamous

due to constant abrasion

109
Q

epithelium of respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratifed respiratory columnar

110
Q

epithelium of narrower respiratory passages

A

cuboidal

111
Q

epithelium of alveoli?

A

simple squamous

tiny for gas exchange!

112
Q

what is the larynx?

A

the voice box

113
Q

what is the nose’s fxn?

A

primary passageway

114
Q

what is the purpose and fxn of nasal conchae and meati

A

air “swirls” around through conchae which begins warming it

115
Q

why do we have mucus?

A

to trap debris and prevent it from entering the respiratory system

116
Q

where is the nasopharynx?

A

posterior nasal cavity to soft palate

117
Q

where is the oropharynx?

A

soft palate to base of tongue

118
Q

where is the laryngopharynx?

A

hyoid bone to the larynx

119
Q

thyroid cartilage?

A

adam’s apple

120
Q

cricoid cartilage?

A

ring of cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage

121
Q

epiglottis fxn?

A

flap over the trachea

prevents asphyxiation

122
Q

vocal ligament?

A

vibrates and produces sound

123
Q

which vocal cords have vocal folds?

A

TRUE vocal cords

124
Q

which vocal cords have vestibular folds?

A

FALSE vocal cords

125
Q

why are there tracheal rings?

A

they stiffen and protect the airway

126
Q

which primary bronchi is larger? l or r?

A

right

127
Q

which lung has 2 lobes?

A

left

128
Q

which lung has 3 lobes?

A

right

129
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the right lung?

A

superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe

130
Q

what is a hilum

A

a section made of multiple opening to/from an organ

131
Q

where does gas exchange begin?

A

in the respiratory bronchioles

132
Q

what comes before the respiratory bronchioles?

A

terminal bronchioles

smallest part before gas ex

133
Q

what surrounds each alveolus?

A

capillaries

134
Q

why?

A

gas exchange :)

Anatomy (5 decks)

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