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COGS 143 > Matsuzawa (2003) > Flashcards

Matsuzawa (2003) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the significance of Imo?

A

-evidence of cultural propagation of sweet potato washing behavior

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2
Q

Who is Ai? What are her skills?

A
  • chimpanzee Matsuzawa studied for more than 2 decades

- multitude of skills, including visual symbols

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3
Q

What is the Ai project’s aim?

A

-clarify aspects of the cimpanzee mind within social contexts, focusing specifically on the emergence, modification, and cross generational transfer of cultural traditions in chimpanzee communities

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4
Q

How many study facilities does the Ai project have?

A

-2: one in the wild and on in the lab

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5
Q

What did Imanishi discover in his study of wild Japanese monkeys in 1948?

A
  • habitat segregation

- characterized evolution as the noncompetitive coexistence of various kinds of organisms as a whole

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6
Q

What were the most important findings of Imanishi’s study (1948)?

A
  1. monkeys lived in community called a “troop” that consisted of multiple males and multiple females and moved from place to place as a whole
  2. matrilineal society; females remain in their natal group
  3. neighboring communities were separate, exclusive entities
  4. members of the group were ranked according to their standing in society
  5. monkeys had a set of distinctive vocalizations
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7
Q

What is Kawamura’s law?

A

some individuals were dominant while in the same matrilineal family, the youngest individual was more dominant than the other siblings

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8
Q

What was the target of Imanshi’s (1948) study?

A

unravel the social structure of wild Japanese monkeys => seeking evolutionary origins of human society

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9
Q

What were the two main channels of cultural propagation in Imanshi’s (1948) study?

A
  1. kinship

2. playmate relations

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10
Q

Is there a critical period for learning SPW? If so, what is it?

A

yes; 2-5 years

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11
Q

True/False: Behaviors of SPW have been transmitted to the descendents of Imo’s group and family.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What is Matsuzawa’s “own niche of research”?

A

the study of the chimpanzee’s mind rather than society

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13
Q

By the second half of the 1970s, three successful and different approaches had been devised to explore the linguistic skills of chimpanzees. What were these three projects?

A
  1. ASL
  2. Plastic Sign Language
  3. Computer-controlled lexigram system
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14
Q

What were the two questions Matsuzawa asked in reference to the visual world of NHPs?

A
  1. How do chimpanzees see the world?

2. Do they perceive it like we do?

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15
Q

What was the Matsuzawa’s goal with the Ai project?

A

study the acquisition process of an artificial language and the corresponding brain mechanisms

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16
Q

What did Matsuzawa want to focus on with his project?

A

“the perceptual and cognitive basis of language-like skills” mastered by the chimpanzees

17
Q

What approach did Matsuzawa adopt?

A

computer controlled lexigram system developed by Rumbaugh and colleagues

18
Q

What were the three factors that influenced Matsuzawa’s approach to the project?

A
  1. already established sophisticated computer-controlled experiments involving various visual discrimination learning tasks in monkeys
  2. aimed to clarify the acquisition process or underlying perceptual capabilities of language-like skills, which mean that they needed very objective, precise, and detailed records of what we had done and how the chimps behaved
  3. project had a perspective for future applications of techniques from brain science; hoped subjects would sit quietly on a bench facing the computer system
19
Q

How did Matsuzawa understand Lana’s computer performance? How did this influence what they were hoping to investigate?

A
  • Lana’s computer performance seemed to be a sequence of visual discrimination tasks similar to that seen in monkeys
  • investigate how specific visual symbols such as those representing objects, colors, etc. could be established in chimpanzees
20
Q

(True/False): When Ai manipulated the keyboard, there was direct interaction between the chimpanzee and the human tester.

A

False; no direct interaction

21
Q

What method did they use for shaping the key touch behavior with Ai?

A

“successive approximation” ; reward until step by step the chimp began to approach the key and then eventually press it

22
Q

Throughout the later stages, the Ai project was characterized by what?

A

highly automated computer-controlled system without any social interaction during the tests

23
Q

What was the general procedure for the keyboard tests with Ai?

A

MTS

24
Q

Ai became the first chimpanzee who learned to use _____ ______ to represent quantities

A

arabic numerals

25
Q

Describe the chronological development of data through the Ai project.

A

color perception -> shape perception and visual acuity -> recognition of numbers

26
Q

What was the original paradigm of the Ai project?

A

test single subjects (both humans and chimpanzees participated) facing a computer terminal under identical conditions and using the same apparatus and procedure

27
Q

Bossou chimpanzees used ________ as hammer and anvil to crack open oil-palm nuts

A

a pair of stones

28
Q

What five types of tool use are used by Bossou chimpanzees?

A
  1. nut cracking with stones
  2. pestle-pounding of oil palm trees
  3. algae scooping with a stick
  4. ant dipping using a wand
  5. use of leaves for drinking water
29
Q

Chimpanzees were found to transport not only nuts but also _____ ____, demonstrating a rudimentary form of possession of particular stone tools

A

stone tools

30
Q

What syntactical approach using tree like structure analysis does Matsuzawa use to explain technical problem solving in tool use behavior?

A

the more nodes in a tree, the more complex the sequence
-tool use sequences of chimpanzees range from the simple one-to-one level to hierarchical structures with a variety of nodes

31
Q

A form of observational learning referred to as “education by master apprenticeship” plays a key role in what?

A

transmission of knowledge and skills from one generation to the next

32
Q

Explain the “education by master apprenticeship” of chimps in relation to stone tool use? By this observation, what does this say about how cultural innovations are most likely to spread?

A

chimps show a strong tendency to pay attention to the stone tool use of conspecifics in their own age group or older, but not younger

-cultural innovations more likely to spread horizontally or vertically/orthogonally downward, but not upward

33
Q

What three attributes characterize the learning process underlying the acquisition of nut cracking?

A
  1. long term exposure from birth
  2. high tolerance with no formal instruction from mothers
  3. intrinsic motivation of infants for imitation not reliant on direct food reward
34
Q

Learning in wild chimpanzees always occurs within a _____ _________

A

social context

35
Q

Each community of chimpanzees has its unique ________ ________.

A

cultural traditions

36
Q

What is a cultural zone?

A

neighboring communities come to share certain tool-using traditions, while remaining unique in their particular repertoire

37
Q

How do cultural zones spread?

A

immigrant females will bring with them the knowledge acquired in their natal community, and through the spread of such knowledge within the group they join

38
Q

The experience of raising infant chimpanzees taught Matsuzawa what key lesson?

A
  • importance of the mother-infant bond
  • importance of the community in which an infant chimpanzee grows up and acquires the skills and knowledge unique to the group
39
Q

What steps did Matsuzawa and his team make to simulate the community as a whole for chimpanzees in order to address observational learning, imitation, deception, and teaching?

A
  1. modify the physical environment in terms of animal welfare and environmental enrichment
  2. new paradigm for cognitive development in chimps: “participant observation”-researchers interact with chimps directly in own space, triadic relationship between mother chimp, infant chimp, and researcher

COGS 143 (17 decks)

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