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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Three levels of consumers

Producers are…

A

Primary: herbivores
Secondary: carnivores
Tetiery: omnivores

serve as source of food for food chain

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2
Q

Why do we need to save biodiversity?

A

Ecosystems serve humans because they provide natural functions such as microbes vital to break down recycle

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3
Q

Importance of renewable energy

A

Create job, abundant, easy, environment friendly

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4
Q

Biodiversity:

A

The variety of life in a habitat

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5
Q

Eutrophication:

A

Depletion of oxygen in the water due to enrichment of minerals in water
Stimulate growth in aquatic life

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6
Q

Pollution:

A

Disruption of natural world by chemicals or agents

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7
Q

Carbon cycle:

Important because of living organisms composed of compounds of it

A

Carbon dioxide used for PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Oxygen released into atmosphere
Carbon and oxygen atoms in glucose are CONVERTED INTO COMPOUNDS FOR CELLULAR REACTION in living organisms
On death, compound recycled by DECOMPOSERS

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8
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Proteins to use nitrogen to form cell membranes
Vital for dna
1/ nitrogen in soil
2/ nitrogen compound in food Cain
3/ after death, decomposed return nitrogen into soil

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9
Q

Agal blooms

A

Fertilisers harm environment
Rain wash fertiliser in lake
Algae grows excessively.
Algae die, decomposition of bodies use up all oxygen and aquatic life suffocate and die

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10
Q

Greenhouse effect

A 
Permafrost
Sea level
Sea ice
Ocean acidification
Changed biodiversity 
CFCs & Ozone layer
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11
Q

Cell theory

A

1/ all cells are made from prehistoric cells
2/ all living things are made of cells
3/ cell basic unit of life

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12
Q

Define disease:

A

A disorder of function of living body that affects specific area of body

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13
Q

First line defence

A 
Specific
Skin, hairs
Salt
Blood clot
Cilia expel caught microorganism
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14
Q

2nd line of defence

A

Non specific
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Skin swelling from phagocytes leaving capillaries and into infected tissue
Inflammation makes blood vessels large so more phagocytes can remove foreign bacteria

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15
Q

3rd line of defence:

A

Specific
Pathogens carry foreign chemical called ANTIGEN
lymphocytes carry specific chemical fit specific antibody & B cells
B cells memorise virus

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16
Q

Neurone cell

A 
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
Synaptic bulbs
Nucleus

Receptor cells
Neurotransmitter chemicals

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17
Q

Allele:

A

alternating form of gene

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18
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective breeding of organisms

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19
Q

Carrier

A

Organisms carrying a recessive allele

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20
Q

Diploid:

A

Cells consisting of two sets of chromosomes

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21
Q

Dna

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Found in nucleus

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22
Q

Evolution

A

Genetic change in organism which lead to new species

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23
Q

Gene

A

Molecular unit of heredity

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24
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic info processed by organism

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25
Q

Heterozygous: individuals with different alleles

Homozygous…

A

Individuals that inherit identical genes

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26
Q

Genotype:

A

term referring to genetic composition of the organism for a trait

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27
Q

Phenotype:

A

Characteristic shown by organism

28
Q

46 chromosomes
Genes: components that determine physical traits

Human genome project:

A

1990

Identify all genes in the human genome

29
Q

Watson and crick dna
Composed of nucleotides
3 types of nucleotides:

A

Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar molecule
Nitrogen base

30
Q

4 types of nitrogen base:

A

1/ cytosine
2/ thymine
3/ guanine
4/ adenine

C-g and a-t

31
Q

Dna replication:

A

1/ Nitrogen bases split at one end
2/ new nucleotides are replaced
3/ 2 new double helix are formed

32
Q

Dna mutation cuases :

A

1/ availability of food and water
2/ exposure to radioactive chemicals
3/ sunlight survive in equataboirial latitude

33
Q

Decomposition:

A

Breakdown of substance into simpler things

34
Q

Corrosion :”

A

Metal gets eaten away with chemical reaction

35
Q

Reactants:

A

Chemicals that reacted together

36
Q

Products

A

Resulted new chemicals of atom reactant

37
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms joined chemically

38
Q

Physical change:

A

Rearranged molecules but doesn’t affect internal structure

39
Q

Chemical change:

A

Formation of new chemical substances

40
Q

Greenhouse affect:

A

When the subs energy reaches our atmosphere where some is reflected back but some is absorbed

41
Q

Atomic theory:

A

1/ all matter is made of atoms
2/ cannot be destroyed or created
3/ atoms of one element are exactly alike

42
Q

Ions

A

Charged atoms

43
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ion formed when non metal gains one valence electron

44
Q

Anions

A

Negative ion formed when non metal gains one electron

45
Q

Ionic bond:

A

Attraction between oppositely charged atoms

46
Q

Brain function

Spine

A

Structure and access path to nervous system

47
Q

Cerebrum:

A

Voluntary muscles: thought and action perceiving planning undertaking

48
Q

Brain stem

A 
Involuntary actions:
Heartbeat
Breathing
Reflex action 
Swallowing
Consciousness
49
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance coordination

50
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Controls growth

51
Q

Resistance =

A

V = I x R

52
Q

Subclass of cytokenis

A

Interferons

53
Q

Antigen binding site…

A

Variable region
Antigen
Constant region

54
Q

Vaccine

A

Injection that contains weakened or dead pathogens to prepare body for an actual infection

55
Q

Nervous system consists of:

CNS and PNS:

A

Central nervous system and PERIPHERAL nervous system

56
Q

CNS is made of

A

Brain and spine

57
Q

PNS consist of

A

Nerves and sensory receptors

58
Q

Messages are passed through the body through neutrons

A

Synapses release neurotransmitters

59
Q

Hormone are

A

Chemical messages released by glands. Specific target cells only respond to specific hormone

60
Q

Pituitary gland control

A

Activity of other glands- growth hormones

61
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Adrenaline prepares the body for sudden action fast heart beat increase sugar and breath

62
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin to lower glucose

63
Q

Reflex

A

Stimulus-receptor-CNS-effector-response

64
Q

Flight or fight reaction

A

When your body is under stress, nervous system makes a rapid response to bring a quick reaction, endocrine releases adrenaline, pupils dilate, heart faster, breath faster,

65
Q

Total internal reflection

A

Light in dense medium to less dense medium

Science (5 decks)

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