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FSCN 1112 > Chapter 14 Part Two - Major Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Part Two - Major Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals

A

Essential inorganic elements needed in small amounts in the diet for the normal function, growth, and maintenance of body tissues

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2
Q

Can minerals be synthesized in the body?

A

nope

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3
Q

How much of the major or macrominerals do we need every day?

A

100mg

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4
Q

Bioavailability

A

Degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available in the body

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5
Q

Mineral content is influenced by…

A
  • genetic variations
  • composition of animal feed/medications
  • mineral content of soil
  • fertilizer
  • pesticides
  • food processing
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6
Q

Mineral absorption depends on…

A
  • physiological need for the mineral at the time of consumption
  • bioavailability
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7
Q

Bioavailability of minerals is affected by…

A
  • other minerals

- nonmineral substances (phytic acid in wheat grain fiber, oxalic acid in leafy green plants, polyphenols in plants)

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8
Q

What three things promote mineral bioavailability?

A

Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Gastric Acidity

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9
Q

When minerals are absorbed, they are transported in the blood as either ______ _______ or are bound to _______

A

free forms ; protein

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10
Q

What are some functions of minerals?

A
  • water balance
  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • act as cofactors to enable enzymes
  • are components of body compounds
  • help with growth and development
  • maintain body functions *
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11
Q

How many Americans have a calcium deficiency?

A

2/3

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12
Q

Many Americans don’t meet the DRI for what two minerals?

A

potassium and magnesium

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13
Q

What contributes to most of our sodium diet?

A

SALT

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14
Q

What percentages of our salt comes from food processing?

A

75-80%

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15
Q

What are major contributors of sodium in our diets?

A 
grains
processed meats
soups and sauces
potato chips
fries
starchy vegetables
dairy products
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16
Q

AI for Sodium

A

1500 mg/day under the age of 51
1300 mg/day between 51 and 70 years old
1200 mg/day over the age of 70

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17
Q

DV for Sodium

A

2400 mg

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18
Q

When should you limit your sodium intake?

A

if you are over the age of 51, African American, hypertensive…

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19
Q

UL for Sodium

A

2300 mg

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20
Q

How many mg of sodium are needed to maintain normal physiological function?

A

200 mg

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21
Q

Where is sodium absorbed and how is it absorbed?

A

In the intestine, via active transport by sodium-potassium pump

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22
Q

Where is sodium found?

A

extracellular fluid (ECF)

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23
Q

How is sodium excreted?

A

by kidneys, lost via feces and perspiration

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24
Q

What are the functions of sodium?

A
  • helps absorb glucose and amino acids in small intestine
  • normal muscle and function
  • aids with water balance
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25
Q

What percent of our body weight do we have to lose from perspiration for it us to develop of a deficiency?

A

2%

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26
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Low sodium levels in blood.

Cure with adding salt or drinking electrolytes

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27
Q

Sodium toxicity can lead to…

A
  • hypertension
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • calcium loss in urine (potentially bones)
  • kidney stones
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28
Q

Best sources of Potassium?

A
  • unprocessed foods *
  • fruit
  • vegetables
  • milk
  • whole grains
  • dried beans
  • meats
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29
Q

What are the major contributors of potassium in our diets?

A
  • milk
  • potatoes
  • coffee
  • beef
  • tomatoes
  • orange juice
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30
Q

AI for Potassium

A

4700 mg/day

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31
Q

DV for Potassium

A

3500 mg/day

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32
Q

What percent of consumed potassium is absorbed?

A

90%

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33
Q

Potassium is absorbed in the ___________ and is transported to the _______ ________ and is either excreted or retained by the ____________

A

intestines ; body cells ; kidneys

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34
Q

Functions of Potassium

A
  • maintain fluid balance
  • transmit nerve impulses
  • muscle contraction
  • suppresses renin-angiotensinogen system
  • balances out sodium to decrease hypertension
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35
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Low potassium levels in the blood.
Characterized by weakness, fatigue, irregular heart beat, constipation, hypertension, stroke.
Caused by excessive potassium losses, low food intake, vomiting, laxative use, alcoholism, sweating athletes.
Cured with high-potassium diet.

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36
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

High potassium levels in the blood.
Potassium build ups lead to irregular heartbeat and cardiac arrest.
Caused by poor kidney function.
Cured by monitoring potassium intake.

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37
Q

Chloride is an essential nutrient and the main _______ in ____________ fluid.

A

anion ; extracellular

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38
Q

Where do we get most of our chloride?

A

Table salt (NaCl)

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39
Q

What other foods can chloride be found in?

A
  • seaweed
  • olives
  • rye
  • lettuce
  • some fruits and vegetables
40
Q

AI for Chloride

A

2300 mg/day, based on the 40:60 ratio of NaCl

41
Q

DV for Chloride

A

3400 mg/day

42
Q

CHloride is absorbed in the _________ following _______ absorption, and the two are then found in ______________ fluid and then excreted by the ____________.

A

intestines ; sodium ; extracellular ; kidneys

43
Q

When paired with sodium, what are the functions of chloride?

A
  • transmits nerve impulses

- maintains extracellular fluid and balance

44
Q

What are the functions of chloride?

A
  • component of HCl in the stomach
  • used in immune responses when WBCs attack foreign cells
  • maintains acid-bae balance
  • helps dispose of CO2 when we exhale
45
Q

What can lead to a chloride deficiency?

A

vomiting and a nutrient-poor diet

46
Q

A chloride deficiency has what symptoms?

A
  • anorexia
  • weakness
  • lethargy
47
Q

UL for Chloride

A

3600 mg

48
Q

Calcium is an essential mineral for the development of ________ and normal ______.

A

teeth ; bone

49
Q

What are rich supplies of bioavailable calcium?

A

dairy products

50
Q

Calcium can also be found in which foods?

A
  • leafy greens
  • calcium-fortified foods
  • tofu
51
Q

RDA for Calcium

A

1000 mg/day, increases by 200-300 during adolescence and when you are older

52
Q

Calcium-Alkali Syndrome

A

Excessive use of calcium and vitamin D supplements, leading to hypercalcemia.

53
Q

Results of hypercalcemia

A
  • hypertension
  • kidney stones
  • kidney failure
54
Q

You shouldn’t take a calcium/vitamin D supplement of more than _____ mg, and you should only take them when?

A

500 mg ; during/after a meal

55
Q

Calcium is absorbed in the intestines, but where specifically is it best absorbed?

A

upper small intestine

56
Q

How much of the calcium we consume is absorbed?

A

25-30%, however this number can change during times of growth to up to 75%

57
Q

What can limit calcium absorption?

A
  • reduced HCl secretion
  • chronic diarrhea
  • large intakes of phytic acid, oxalic acid, dietary phosphorus, and polyphenols
  • intestinal disorders
58
Q

99% of calcium is stored where?

A

bones & teeth

59
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Overproduction of parathyroid hormone, usually caused by a nonmalignant tumor or abnormal growth of the glands.
Can lead to hypercalcemia, and in severe cases weakness, confusion, nausea, and bone/joint pain, kidney stones, and bone fractures.

60
Q

Calcium is excreted in what three ways?

A

urine, feces, skin

61
Q

Functions of calcium

A
  • develop and maintain bones
  • blood clotting
  • nerve impulses
  • muscle contraction
  • cell metabolism
62
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Compound made primarily of calcium and phosphate; deposited in bone protein matrix to give bone strength and rigidity

63
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Lifelong process of building and breaking down bone

64
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone-building cells that produce collagen and add minerals to bones

65
Q

Osteocytes

A

Fully mineralized and mature osteoblasts that are biochemically active

66
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells on the bone surface that dissolve bone (bone resorption)

67
Q

Bone Resorption

A

Process where osteoclasts break down bone and release minerals, transferring calcium from bone to blood.

68
Q

The adult skeleton is replaced about every ____ years.

A

10

69
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Significant bone mass loss

70
Q

Osteoporosis can lead to kyphosis, which is…

A

the abnormal convex curvature of the spine, resulting in a bulge at the upper back

71
Q

Calcium helps build ________, which is the main protein component of blood clots.

A

filbrin

72
Q

Calcium deficiency can also lead to tetany, which is…

A

the continuous, forceful muscle contraction without relaxation

73
Q

Calcium regulates cell metabolism through…

A

the calmodulin (calcium-binding protein) system

74
Q

UL for Calcium

A

2500 mg/day from ages 19 to 50 and 2000 mg/day over the age of 50

75
Q

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is a major component of ______ and _______.

A

bone ; teeth

76
Q

What are good sources of phosphorus?

A
  • milk
  • cheese
  • bakery products
  • meat
  • cereals
77
Q

RDA for Phosphorus

A

700 mg/day

78
Q

DV for Phosphorus

A

1000 mg/day

79
Q

What percent of the phosphorus we consume is absorbed?

A

70%

80
Q

Phosphorus is absorbed in the ________________ via _______ and ________ transport and is then excreted by the __________.

A

upper small intestine ; active and passive ; kidneys

81
Q

Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by…

A

vitamin D and yeast

82
Q

Functions of phosphorus

A
  • main intracellular anion
  • component of ATP, DNA, RNA, phospholipids in cell membranes
  • regulates acid-base balance
83
Q

Phosphorus deficiencies have what symptoms?

A
  • bone loss
  • decreased growth
  • poor tooth development
  • rickets symptoms
  • anorexia
  • weakness
  • irritability
  • stiff joints
  • bone pain
84
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

High blood concentration of phosphorus which leads to calcium-phosphorus precipitates forming in the body tissues. Usually due to poor kidney function.

85
Q

UL for Phosphorus

A

3-4 g/day

86
Q

Magnesium is found in __________, so its best sources are what foods?

A 
chlorophyll
→ green leafy vegetables
→ broccoli
→ squash
→ beans
→ nuts
→ seeds
→ whole grains
→ chocolate
87
Q

RDA for Magnesium

A

400 mg/day for men and 310 mg/day for women; needs increase over the age of 30

88
Q

DV for Magnesium

A

400 mg/day

89
Q

How much of the magnesium that we consume is absorbed and where/how is it absorbed?

A

40-60%

small intestine via active and passive transport

90
Q

50% of our magnesium is stored in our ________ and the rest is stored where?

A

bones; tissues

91
Q

Functions of Magnesium

A
  • stabilize ATP
  • needed for DNA and RNA synthesis
  • calcium metabolism → bone structure/mineralization
  • nerve transmission
  • heart and smooth muscle contraction
  • glucose and insulin metabolism
92
Q

Symptoms of a magnesium deficiency

A
  • irregular heartbeat
  • weakness
  • muscle spasms
  • disorientation
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • seizures
  • low blood calcium → osteoporosis
93
Q

UL for Magnesium

A

350 mg/day

Toxicity can lead to kidney failure, diarrhea, slowed breathing, weakness, nausea, malaise, coma, and death

94
Q

Sulfur is provided by what two amino acids?

A

methionine and cysteine

95
Q

Most of the sulfur in our diet is supplied by…

A

meats

96
Q

Functions of Sulfur

A
  • synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds
  • stabilizes the structure of proteins
  • regulates acid-base balance

FSCN 1112 (14 decks)

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