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Neurophys > Sleep + Emotion > Flashcards

Sleep + Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is affected by deprived REM sleep?

A

Memory consolidation (more so than physical performance)

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2
Q

What is important about non-REM sleep?

A

Conservation of energy and restoration for the mind (exercise was effective after sleep deprivation but marked cognitive impairment is seen by sleep deprivation)

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3
Q

REM rebound

A

REM will be made up by an increased percentage of the sleep-wake cycle being devoted to REM

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4
Q

What are cortical columns?

A

Fxnal units comprised of groups of neurons that work together to process information. They are called columns because the neurons form layered vertical columns.

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5
Q

Cortical column properties (5)

A

Functional units of information processing in all cortical areas
Single cortical column contains ~100 neurons
Six distinct layers in each cortical column
Similar receptive fields within a column
Columns can be linked together

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6
Q

Where do Layers 1-3 send projections?

A

Reciprocal connections within layers 1-3

Non-reciprocal connections to layers 4-6

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7
Q

Which layers are closest to the cortical surface?

A

Layers 1-3 (supra granular layers)

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8
Q

Which neurotransmitter system is the only one working during REM sleep?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitters are working during non-REM sleep?

A

Serotonin and norepinephrine

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10
Q

Which neurotransmitters are working while you are awake?

A

Norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and dopamine (all!)

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11
Q

What is the concept of REM rebound following a state of sleep deprivation?

A

Total number of hours slept will not be made up but REM will be made up by an increased percentage of the sleep-wake cycle being devote to REM

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12
Q

What does REM sleep appear to be important for?

A

Memory consolidation

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13
Q

What is non-REM sleep important for?

A

Conserving energy and restoring the mind

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14
Q

The Sleep Induction hypothesis

A
  • Wakefulness and repeated release of NTs can cause a depletion in glial cell glycogen stores (energy)
  • Glial cells release adenosine
  • Receptors in parts of the brain bind adenosine which promotes the start of non-REM sleep
  • periods of non-REM sleep replenish glycogen stores
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15
Q

What is an important waste that needs to be cleared? (HINT: builds up in Alzheimer’s disease)

A

Amyloid beta

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16
Q

How does the brain perform waste removal?

A

CSF drains waste and takes it to our bloodstream

17
Q

Which neurons are activated in negative emotion?

A

Neurons of the Raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray

18
Q

Where does negative emotion project excitatory projections to?

A

Amygdala

19
Q

Activation of the amygdala suppresses activity where?

A

Nucleus accumbens

20
Q

Which neurons are released in positive emotion?

A

Neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

21
Q

Where does positive emotion send excitatory projections?

A

Nucleus accumbens

22
Q

Activation of the nucleus accumbens inhibits what?

A

Amygdala

23
Q

Positive emotion sends projections to which regions of the cortex and why?

A

Medial prefrontal cortex for working memory related to positive emotion

Ant and post areas of cingulate gyrus to focus attention

Insula for modulation of all emotions

24
Q

What is the awake stage?

A

When an individual is conscious and all 5 networks are active

25
Q

What is non-REM sleep?

A

Stages 1-4 non-rapid eye movement sleep

26
Q

What is non-REM sleep characterized by?

A

Triggered by release of adenosine

Activity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and the serotonergic Neurons of the Raphe nuclei

27
Q

On average, how many periods of REM sleep occur per sleep-wake cycle?

A

4 periods

28
Q

Where does the VTA send projections to for registering positive emotions?

A

Nucleus accumbens
Medial prefrontal cortex
Ant/post cingulate gyrus
Insula

29
Q

Where do neurons processing negative emotions send projections to?

A

Orbital prefrontal cortex
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Insula

30
Q

What is encoding?

A

Acquisition of information “learning”

31
Q

What is retention?

A

Storage of information

32
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Accessing stored info

33
Q

What are the distinct functions utilized by working memory?

A

Planning (developing/executing a strategy)

Selection and suppression (selecting relevant parts of a task and suppressing the irrelevant)

Task monitoring (keeping relevant info accessible and updating as the next step is determined)

Neurophys (6 decks)

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