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Chem 2: Developing Fuels > DF3: Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

DF3: Hydrocarbons Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A thick black liquid consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Explain the process of fractional distillation.(4)

A
  • At the refinery, the crude oil is heated to vapourise it
  • vapour passes into the distillation column
  • Vapour rises up through the column, separating into different fractions
  • as different ones condense into liquids and run off at different levels
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3
Q

Does density increase/decrease up a fractionating column?

A

Decrease

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4
Q

Does boiling point increase/decrease up a fractionating column?

A

Decrease

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5
Q

Does chain length increase/decrease up a fractionating column?

A

Decrease

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6
Q

Does volatility increase/decrease up a fractionating column?

A

Increase

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7
Q

Does flammability increase/decrease up a fractionating column?

A

Increase

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8
Q

Why does each fraction not have an exact boiling point?

A

Each one is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons

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9
Q

Why is organic chemistry named so?

A

Many carbon compounds are found in living organisms

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10
Q

What does organic chemistry include?

A

All carbon compounds except CO, CO2 and carbonates

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11
Q

How many electrons does carbon have in its outershell?

A

4

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12
Q

Why does carbon generally form covalent bonds?

A

If it achieved stability by becoming an ion it would be too highly charged (4+ or 4-)

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13
Q

What is catenation?

A

Carbon’s ability to form strong covalent bonds with itself to give chains and rings of itself

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14
Q

What does catenation lead to?

A

The limitless variety of organic compounds

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15
Q

Define “hydrocarbon”

A

Compounds containing only carbon or hydrogen

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16
Q

What is the general formula for hydrocarbons?

A

CxHy

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17
Q

Define “aromatic”

A

Compounds containing one/more benzene rings

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18
Q

Define “aliphatic”

A

Compounds not containing any benzene rings

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19
Q

Define “functional group”

A

Modifiers responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of molecules

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20
Q

Define “saturated”

A

A compound with no bonds available for bonding

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21
Q

Define “unsaturated”

A

A compound containing bonds that can be broken open

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22
Q

Define “homologous series”

A

A series of compounds with the same general molecular formula

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23
Q

Are alkanes saturated?

A

Yes

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24
Q

How many bonds does carbon form?

A

4

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25
Q

Are alkanes aliphatic?

A

Yes

26
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

27
Q

Name the first ten alkanes

A
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
  • Pentane
  • Hexane
  • Heptane
  • Octane
  • Nonane
  • Decane
28
Q

What is the relationship between alkane chain length and tendency to become a solid and why?

A

As chain length increases, the tendency towards a solid also increases because the boiling point increases

29
Q

What state are alkanes n= 1 - 4 in?

A

Colourless gases

30
Q

What state are alkanes n=5 - 16 in?

A

Colourless liquids

31
Q

What state are alkanes n=17+ in?

A

White waxy solids

32
Q

Do alkanes mix well with water?

A

No they form two separate layers

33
Q

Why do alkanes not mix well with water?

A

Water contains polar molecules that attract each other and prevent alkane molecules mixing with them

34
Q

What are cycloalkanes?

A

A ring of carbon atoms with two hydrogens attached to each carbon

35
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

36
Q

Are cycloalkanes saturated?

A

Yes

37
Q

Are alkenes saturated and why?

A

No - the carbon double bond can open up and bond with more hydrogens

38
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

39
Q

Are alkenes aliphatic?

A

Yes

40
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkenes?

A

CnH2n-2

41
Q

Are cycloalkenes aliphatic?

A

Yes

42
Q

Are cycloalkenes saturated?

A

No

43
Q

What is the formula of benzene?

A

C6H6

44
Q

How many carbons and double bonds does a benzene ring contain?

A

6 carbons and 3 double bonds

45
Q

Why are benzene rings more stable (less reactive) than expected?

A

The double bond electrons are delocalised around the carbon ring, unattached to any particular carbon

46
Q

Is benzene aliphatic?

A

No - aromatic

47
Q

Is benzene saturated?

A

No

48
Q

Is alcohol a hydrocarbon?

A

No

49
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

50
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols?

A

The hydroxl group (-OH) which can be attached to any carbon atom on the chain

51
Q

What is a general formula?

A

A formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

52
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

53
Q

What is the shortened structural formula?

A

A formula showing the atoms, carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

54
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

55
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

Shows the bond between the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups. The hydrogen and carbon atoms are not shown.

56
Q

Why is giving systematic names important?

A

It allows for the full structural formula of a compound to be determined.

57
Q

What is the formula of methyl?

A

CH3

58
Q

What is the formula for all alkyls after methyl?

A

CH3 + CH2 for every carbon atom

59
Q

What is the prefix for two identical sidechains?

A

Di

60
Q

What is the prefix for three identical sidechains?

A

Tri

61
Q

What is the prefix for four identical sidechains?

A

Tetra

Chem 2: Developing Fuels (11 decks)

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