45 Hormones and Endocrine System Flashcards

Question

What class of chemical is Glucocorticoids?

Answer 1

Posterior pituitary

Answer 2

Posterior pituitary

Answer 3

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 4

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 5

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 6

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 7

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 8

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 9

Parathyroid glands

Answer 10

Adrenal medulla

Answer 11

Adrenal cortex

Answer 12

Adrenal cortex

Answer 13

Pineal gland

Answer 14

Antidiuretic Hormone

Answer 15

Growth Hormone

Answer 16

Follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 17

Luteinising hormone

Answer 18

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 19

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 20

Triiodothyronine

Answer 21

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 22

Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary | gland cells

Answer 23

Promotes retention of water in the kidney

Answer 24

Stimulates growth (especially of bones) and metabolic functions

Answer 25

Stimulates milk production and secretion

Answer 26

Stimulates production of sperm and ova

Answer 27

Stimulates ovaries and testes

Answer 28

Stimulates thyroid gland

Answer 29

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secret glucocorticoids

Answer 30

Stimulates and maintains metabolic processes

Answer 31

Lowers blood calcium levels

Answer 32

Raises blood calcium levels

Answer 33

Lowers blood glucose level

Answer 34

Raises blood glucose level

Answer 35

Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; | constrict certain blood vessels

Answer 36

Raise blood glucose levels

Answer 37

Support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

Answer 38

Stimulate uterine lining growth; promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

Answer 39

Promote uterine lining growth

Answer 40

Involved in biological rhythms

Answer 41

Nervous system

Answer 42

Water/salt balance

Answer 43

Hypothalamic hormones

Answer 44

Hypothalamic hormones

Answer 45

Hypothalamic hormones

Answer 46

Hypothalamic hormones

Answer 47

Hypothalamic hormones

Answer 48

Hypothalamic hormones

Answer 49

Calcium in the blood

Answer 50

Calcium in the blood

Answer 51

Glucose in the blood

Answer 52

Glucose in the blood

Answer 53

Nervous system

Answer 54

K+ in blood and angiotensin II

Answer 55

FSH and LH

Answer 56

FSH and LH

Answer 57

FSH and LH

Answer 58

Light/dark cycles

Answer 59

A hormone called ecdysteroid stimulates the growth of adult cells, the programmed death of larval cells, and the behaviours of the motionless pupal stage.

Answer 60

Endocrine and Nervous

Answer 61

The endocrine systems, although sometimes the release is based on nervous input

Answer 62

Endocrine signalling, paracrine signalling, autocrine signalling, synaptic signalling and neuroendocrine signalling

Answer 63

Hormones are secreted into the blood stream/hemolymph where they circulate and trigger responses in target cells elsewhere in the body

Answer 64

They maintain homeostasis, mediate responses to environmental stimuli, and regulate growth and development.

Answer 65

In insects the hormones circulate in hemolymph, not blood.

Answer 66

To lead to a coordinated response from around the body

Answer 67

Secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in nearby cells.

Answer 68

“Local regulators"

Answer 69

Cytokines act as “local regulators” by communicating between immune cells. In response to injury growth factors are released to trigger tissue repair.

Answer 70

To mediate a coordinated response in a tissue region.

Answer 71

Secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them.

Answer 72

When the axon terminal receives an action potential it releases “neurotransmitters” to carry this signal onto the dendrite etc.

Answer 73

Specialised neurons called “neurosecretory cells” terminate at a blood vessel where if they receive an action potential release “neurohormones” into the blood

Answer 74

The release of Antidiuretic hormone in response to the nervous system’s processing of water availability.

Answer 75

Vasopressin.

Answer 76

Pheromones.

Answer 77

Endocrine cells.

Answer 78

As part of organs such as the stomach or in specialised glands called “endocrine glands"

Answer 79

Thymus, Heart, Liver, Stomach, Kidneys, Small Intestine.

Answer 80

Exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts onto body surfaces and cavities.

Answer 81

Salivary gland as it releases saliva into the oral cavity. The pancreas through its secretion of enzymes into the duodenum. The gastric glands of the stomach. Also the skin glands that secret oils onto the skin.

Answer 82

The endocrine system general function is to control other body systems (including the exocrine system) where as the primary function of the exocrine system is to secrete useful substances such as enzymes and to form protective surfaces.

Answer 83

Polypeptides (proteins and peptides), steroids and amines

Answer 84

Two polypeptide chains

Answer 85

They often consist of two polypeptide chains. These are often formed through the cleavage of one polypeptide chain.

Answer 86

A form of glucocorticoid and thus is a steroid hormone

Answer 87

A steroid hormone

Answer 88

They are lipids with 4 fused carbon rings.

Answer 89

They are all derived from cholesterol

Answer 90

From a single amino acid that is either tyrosine or tryptophan

Answer 91

All are water soluble (hydrophilic)

Answer 92

All are lipid-solube and thus hydrophobic

Answer 93

Some are hydrophilic, some are hydrophobic

Answer 94

Hydrophilic: Epinephrine Hydrophobic: Thyroxine

Answer 95

Adrenaline

Answer 96

Water-soluble hormones cannot easily pass through the plasma membrane so often activate receptors on the extracellular side of the membrane. Lipid soluble hormones can easily pass through the plasma membrane so activate receptors in the cytoplasms or nucleus directly.

Answer 97

It binds to a “G-protein coupled receptor“ causing the release of a G protein. This G proteins triggers adenylyl cyclase to convert ATP to the “second messenger” cAMP. The cAMP activates Protein Kinase A. This leads to inhibition of glycogen synthesis and a promotion of glycogen breakdown.

Answer 98

All water-soluble hormones. However some lipid-soluble hormones, especially estrogens, have been show to have some receptors on the plasma membrane.

Answer 99

In bids and frogs it is used to synthesise egg yoke.

Answer 100

As a lipid-soluble hormone it passes through the plasma membrane of a LIVER CELL and binds with an “Estradiol receptor” to form a Hormone-receptor complex. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus where it triggers the transcription of the gene for the protein “Vitellogenin” This protein leaves the LIVER and travels through the bloodstream to the reproductive system where is used to produce egg yolk.

Answer 101

Lipid-soluble hormones often lead to the expression of specific genes. Water soluble hormones can lead to gene expression but also often act as regulators for enzymes (i.e. glucagon sysnthesis) and can even change the shape of the

Answer 102

Steroid hormones often cross the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm to form Hormone-receptor complexes that then pass into the nucleus to initiate transcription Non-steroid hormones often cross through the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope before binding to receptors in the nucleus, triggering transcription.

Answer 103

Thyroxine and Vitamin D

Answer 104

Epinephrine which triggers glycogen breakdown in the liver, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, and decreases blood flow to the digestive tract.

Answer 105

Also the target cells have different G Protein receptors. Liver cells have a β-type epinephrine receptor that activates the enzyme protein kinase A, which in turn regulate enzymes in glycogen metabolism. In blood vessels supplying skeletal muscle, the same kinase is activated by the same epinephrine receptor as liver cells (β-type). This inactivates a muscle specific enzyme causing smooth muscle relaxation and thus vasodilation Intestinal blood vessels have α-type epinephrines receptor. These do not activate kinase A and instead trigger a different signalling pathway with different enzymes. The result is smooth muscle contraction (vasoconstriction) and thus less blood flow to the intestines.

Answer 106

Polypeptides

Answer 107

Most are polypeptides.

Answer 108

They stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.

Answer 109

Nitric Oxide (NO) that is a gas

Answer 110

It is both a neurotransmitter and a local regulator.

Answer 111

When blood oxygen levels of a region fall, endothelial cells of blood vessels secrete Nitric Oxide. This acts as a local regulator to smooth the surrounding smooth muscle causing vasodilation and thus increased blood flow, leading to more oxygen.

Answer 112

Not very and thus often breaks down within a few seconds.

Answer 113

It acts to promote erection by increasing blood flow to the erectile tissue.

Answer 114

With the drug Viagra (sildenafil citrate) that promotes the release of Nitric oxide and thus vasodilation of the blood vessels leading to the erectile tissue.

Answer 115

Prostaglandins

Answer 116

A diverse group of hormones that are modified fatty acids.

Answer 117

Reproductive system, immune system and circulatory system.

Answer 118

They are produced in the prostate and secreted into the semen. If that semen reaches the female reproductive tract it stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus, helping sperm reach the eggs. During childbirth, prostaglandin-secreting cells of the placenta cause the uterus muscles to become more excitable, helping to induce labor

Answer 119

They promote fever and inflammation while also intensifying the feeling of pain.

Answer 120

Prostaglandins also help regulate the aggregation of platelets, one step in the formation of blood clots.

Answer 121

Aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit prostaglandin synthesis to prevent the inflammation, fever and pain they causes. By preventing prostaglandin release, Aspirin also inhibits the aggregation of platelets and thus blood clot formation

Answer 122

Prostaglandins also maintain a protective lining in the stomach. Therefore long-term aspirin use can can cause stomach irritation.

Answer 123

A long-term course of Aspirin as it prevents the aggregation of platelets and thus clots. These clots can block coronary arteries and thus Aspirin prevents heart attacks.

Answer 124

The regulation of development of butterflies.

Answer 125

Neurosecretory cells in the brain produce prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), which is stored in the corpora cardiaca until release. When released the PTTH triggers the Prothoracic gland to release Ecdysteroid. The release of PTTH is episodic, with each release stimulating a moult. Caterpillar development is simultaneous regulated by Juvenile hormone (JH). When PTTH is released, if JH is at a high concentration to caterpillar will simply moult. However if as PTTH is released the JH hormone levels are low, the caterpillar will undergo metamorphosis.

Answer 126

Pesticides were developed that bind to the Ecdysteroid receptors and thus trigger early metamorphosis.

Answer 127

Low pH in the duodenum triggers its release from S cells in the duodenal walls. It causes the pancreas to release more bicarbonate ions.

Answer 128

One in which endocrine cells responds to an environmental stimulus by releasing a chemical that targets a region that responds by affecting that variable. (as opposed to a hormone cascade in which one hormone triggers the release of another hormone else where until eventually a hormone is released that triggers a response)

Answer 129

One in which sensory neurons respond to a stimulus by sending nerve impulses to a neurosecretory cell, triggering secretion of a neurohormone. Upon reaching its target cells via the bloodstream, the neurohormone binds to its receptor, triggering signal transduction that results in a specific response. (as opposed to a hormone cascade in which one hormone triggers the release of another hormone else where until eventually a hormone is released that triggers a response)

Answer 130

Suckling by the baby is a stimulus that triggers a sensory neurone to relay this signal to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then directs the posterior pituitary to secrete the neurohormone Oxytocin which triggers the smooth muscle of the breasts to release more milk.

Answer 131

Suckling. This is because the release of milk triggers more suckling from the infant and thus is positive feedback.

Answer 132

In homeostatic responses in which a variable deviates leading to a response to return this variable to its normal place. As the variable nears its normal value the response weakens and thus negative.

Answer 133

An antagonistic pair of hormones i.e. insulin counters the response of glucagon.

Answer 134

Insulin is released beta cells and Glucagon is released by alpha cells.

Answer 135

It directs all cells except brain cell to take in and store glucose. (the brain cells take up glucose anyway, even with the input of )

Answer 136

It directs the liver to increase hydrolysis of glycogen.

Answer 137

Diabete mellitus

Answer 138

A deficiency of insulin release or a decreased response to insulin in the target tissue/

Answer 139

Acid metabolites which lower blood pH and thus possibly lead to acidosis.

Answer 140

Because insulin isn’t being released/acted on. The blood glucose continues to rise, which is not necessarily an acute problem Ironically however without glucose the cells can not take up this glucose in the blood and instead use fats as a food source. However this use of fats releases acid metabolites which can cause damage by lowering blood pH.

Answer 141

Insulin dependant diabetes

Answer 142

Non-insulin dependant diabetes

Answer 143

An autoimmune response to the beta cells that typically produce insulin

Answer 144

From genetically modified bacteria.

Answer 145

The target cells stop responding to insulin, which is released normally.

Answer 146

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

Answer 147

The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the brain that is located just in front of the spinal cord. The posterior pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus and has hypothalamic axons running into it. The anterior pituitary is next to the posterior pituitary but does not have axons from the hypothalamus.

Answer 148

Many of the anterior pituitary hormones act on other endocrine glands and are thus “tropic hormones"

Answer 149

A hormone that acts on another endocrine gland and thus fine tunes its response.

Answer 150

’Tropic hormones'

Answer 151

By tropic hormones released by the hypothalamus. For example “prolactin releasing hormone” triggers the release of prolactin

Answer 152

“Releasing hormones” which trigger the hypothalamus to release a hormone i.e. “prolactin releasing hormone” Also “inhibiting hormones” which prevent the anterior pituitary from releasing such hormones.

Answer 153

A “hormone cascade"

Answer 154

An infant’s response to being cold

Answer 155

This stimulus triggers a sensory neurone which relays this to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases “thyrotropin-releasing hormone” which instructs the anterior pituitary to release “thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)” (which is also known as ) This TSH causes the thyroid to release T3 and T4. These increase metabolism and thus warm up the infant.

Answer 156

Amines. Triiodothyronine (T3) has 3 iodine atoms whereas thyroxine (T4) has 4 iodine atoms

Answer 157

The thyroid lacks iodine so stops makes T3 and T4. As this is part of a negative feedback loop this triggers the hypothalamus to instruct the anterior pituitary to release large amounts of TSH. These high TSH levels cause the thyroid to swell, resulting in goitre.

Answer 158

Thyroxine, Prolactin and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Answer 159

In frogs it stimulates reabsorption of the tadpole’s tail during metamorphosis

Answer 160

Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and milk synthesis in mammals, regulates fat metabolism and reproduction in birds, delays metamorphosis in amphibians, and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fishes.

Answer 161

In amphibians, fishes, and reptiles, MSH regulates skin color by controlling pigment distribution in skin cells called melanocytes. In mammals, MSH functions in hunger and metabolism in addition to coloration.

Answer 162

A wasting condition called “cachexia” which causes weight loss, muscle atrophy and loss of appetites.

Answer 163

Late-stage cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis, and certain aging disorders

Answer 164

Over release of melanocyte-stimulatign hormone.

Answer 165

From the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 166

Gonadotropins.

Answer 167

FSH and LH (regulate the gonads)

Answer 168

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 169

It stimulates the liver to release “insulin like growth factors” (IGF’s ) which stimulate bone and cartilage growth.

Answer 170

"Gonadotropin releasing hormone"

Answer 171

Insulin-like growth factor

Answer 172

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Answer 173

They trigger metabolic processes that raise blood glucose levels and thus counter the affects of insulin

Answer 174

In children it causes Gigantism leading to a correctly proportioned but extremely tall person. In adults few target cells for growth hormones remain. These target cells are clustered in the face, hands and feet. Therefore these regions grow disproportionately large, leading to “acromegaly"

Answer 175

Growth hormone

Answer 176

Human growth hormone

Answer 177

Somatropin

Answer 178

The pituitary gland malfunctioning, often due to a tumour.

Answer 179

Hypothyroidism

Answer 180

An over release of thyroid hormones.

Answer 181

Weight gain, lethargy, and intolerance to cold in adults

Answer 182

High body temperature, profuse sweating, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure

Answer 183

Graves’ disease in which an autoimmune response leads to antibodies that bind to and active the TSH receptor. This leads to bulging eyes through fluid accumulation.

Answer 184

At low levels skeletal muscles begin to contract convulsively, a potentially fatal condition called tetany. At high levels precipitates of calcium phosphate form, causing organ damage.

Answer 185

A set of 4 small glands on the posterior of the thyroid.

Answer 186

The parathyroid glands.

Answer 187

10 mg/100 mL

Answer 188

If the Ca2+ levels drop it releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) In bones PTH triggers a breakdown of the mineralised matrix and thus releases Ca2+ into the blood. In the kidneys PTH triggers the increased reabsorption of Ca2+. It also triggers the kidney to activate Vitamin D which intern increases calcium uptake in the intestines.

Answer 189

The thyroid glands releases calcitonin which inhibits bone reabsorption and causes the kidney to release Ca2+ into the urine.

Answer 190

In fish, rodents and some other animals it is used throughout their entire lifetime to regulate calcium levels. In humans it is only used during childhood i.e. during rapid bone growth.

Answer 191

TO mediate the body’s response to stress.

Answer 192

The outer portion is the adrenal cortex and the inner region is the adrenal medulla.

Answer 193

The adrenal cortex is a true endocrine gland whereas the adrenal medulla is a neuroendocrine gland that secretes chemicals based on nerve impulses.

Answer 194

Catecholamines

Answer 195

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

Answer 196

It mobilises energy resources by increasing the rate of glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscles, promotes glucose release by liver cells, and stimulate the release of fatty acids from fat cells. It also increases heart rate and stroke volume as well as dilating the bronchioles. These factors increase oxygen availability to muscles. They also constrict some blood vessels and dilate others. This redirects blood from from the skin, digestive system and kidneys to the brain, heart and muscles.

Answer 197

It can be used as a heart stimulant and as Asthma attack relief as it opens the airways.

Answer 198

Epinephrine generally has a stronger effect on heart and metabolic rates, while the primary role of norepinephrine is in modulating blood pressure.

Answer 199

Not under voluntary control i.e. the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 200

Under periods of stress nerve impulses travel to the adrenal medulla and trigger its neurosecretory cells to release hormones

Answer 201

The “fight or flight response"

Answer 202

Glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

Answer 203

Corticosteroids

Answer 204

Stressful stimuli cause the hypothalamus to release trophic hormones that in turn cause the anterior pituitary to release ACTH. ACTH then causes the adrenal cortex to secret corticosteroids i.e. mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids.

Answer 205

Glucocorticoid

Answer 206

Increases retention of sodium ions and water by the kidneys Increased blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 207

Stimulates the breakdown of proteins and fats and their conversion to glucose for energy Partial suppression of the immune system.

Answer 208

Glucocorticoids like cortisol cause the breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins. The amino acids this yields are transported to the liver for conversion to glucose. This glucose is secreted into the blood stream for use in somatic cells.

Answer 209

It effect of suppressing the immune system can be used to treat inflammatory diseases like arthritis.

Answer 210

The other effects of glucocorticoids such as the breakdown of muscle can be detrimental. Therefore “non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs” (NSAIDs) are often used.

Answer 211

Non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug

Answer 212

Aspirin and ibuprofen

Answer 213

Aldosterone.

Answer 214

To regulate ion and water homeostasis and to function in the stress response.

Answer 215

Low blood volume or pressure leads to the production of angiotensin II which stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates cells in the kidneys to reabsorb sodium ions and water from filtrate, raising blood pressure and volume. It also acts as part of the stress response: high levels of ACTH in the blood cause the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone and glucocorticoids.

Answer 216

An increase in ACTH levels in the blood

Answer 217

The adrenal cortex releases some sex hormones. These are mainly androgens by it does release do estrogens and progestins. The function of this is not known except that adrenal androgens account for female sex drive.

Answer 218

Testosterone

Answer 219

Progesterone

Answer 220

During embryonic development the genitalia secrete hormones that determent the development of male structures. For example the release of testosterone makes the embryo. If the genitals are removed in utro it will be physically female (even if has XY chromosomes) This suggests that in mammals the “default gender” is female, although this differs between different types of animals.

Answer 221

Its promotion of muscle-building, hence its use as an anabolic steroid.

Answer 222

Severe acne outbreaks and liver damage, as well as significant decreases in sperm count and testicular size.

Answer 223

Regulating the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

Answer 224

Maintain the female reproductive tract and regular the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Answer 225

Prepare and maintain tissues of the uterus required to support the growth and development of an embryo.

Answer 226

They are regulated by Gonadotropin (FSH and LH)

Answer 227

Androgens, testosterone and progestins

Answer 228

Gonadal sex hormone

Answer 229

Gonadotroph cells of the anterior pituitary.

Answer 230

They are in the anterior pituitary and produce LH and FSH.

Answer 231

A modified amino acid.

Answer 232

From the pineal gland in the brain.

Answer 233

The skin pigment ‘Melanin'

Answer 234

Melatonin regulates functions related to light and to seasons marked by changes in day length. It also affects skin pigmentation (but is NOT melanin)

Answer 235

Melatonin is secreted at night, and the amount released depends on the length of the night. In winter, for example, when days are short and nights are long, more melatonin is secreted. Nightly increases in the levels of melatonin play a significant role in promoting sleep.

Answer 236

By a group of neurons in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN functions as a biological clock and receives input from specialised light-sensitive neurons in the retina of the eye. Although the SCN regulates melatonin production during the 24-hour light/dark cycle, melatonin also influences SCN activity.

45 Hormones and Endocrine System Flashcards

(296 cards)