4501

Question 1

What is meningitis?

Answer 1

Aninfectious diseaseof the central nervous system that causesinflammationof the meningealmembranes(involving all three layers) surrounding thebrainandspinal cord.

Question 2

How is meningitis caused?

Answer 2

Bacteria fungi, viruses, autoimmune disorders, cancer/paraneoplasticsyndromes, drug reactions

Question 3

What are the infectious etiologic agents of meningitis ?

Answer 3

bacteria,viruses,fungi, and less commonlyparasites

Question 4

Meningitis is defined as what?

Answer 4

as inflammation of the meninges. The meninges are the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that line the vertebral canal and skull enclosing the brain and spinal cord (Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain itself).

Question 5

Most common cause is?

Answer 5

viral. It usually does not cause serious illness. However, in severe cases, it can cause prolonged fever and seizures

Question 6

Fungal meningitis typically is associated with?

Answer 6

Immunocompromised host (HIV/AIDS, chronic corticosteroid therapy, and patients with cancer)

Question 7

Meningococcal meningitis

Answer 7

particular importance due to its potential to cause large epidemics.

Bacteria are transmitted from person-to-person through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions from carriers

The disease can affect anyone of any age, but mainly affects babies, preschool children and young people

Untreated meningococcal meningitis can be fatal in up to 50% of cases and may result in brain damage, hearing loss or disability in 10% to 20% of survivors

Question 8

Meningitis Pathophysiology

Answer 8

Typically occurs in 2 routes
1. Hematogenous seeding
2. Direct Contiguous Spread

Question 9

Hematogenous seeding

Answer 9

Bacteria colonize the nasopharynx and enter the bloodstream after the mucosal invasion. Upon making their way to the subarachnoid space, the bacteria cross the blood-brain barrier, causing a direct inflammatory andimmune-mediated reaction.

Question 10

Direct contiguous spread

Answer 10

Organisms can enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via neighboring anatomic structures (otitis media, sinusitis), foreign objects (medical devices, penetrating trauma), or during operative procedures.

Question 11

IMD

Answer 11

characterized by a short incubation period (2 to 10days, usually 3 to 4days) and usually presents as an acute febrile illness with rapid onset and features of meningitis or septicemia (meningococcemia), or both, and a characteristic non-blanching petechial or purpuric rash

Question 12

Meningococcemia (blood infection)

Answer 12

Bacteria in blood stream, pale or mottled skin, purplish rash, unusually cold hands and feet, breathing fast, breathless, limb, joint, muscle pain.
very sleepy & vacant, high fever, confused & delirious, vomiting.

Question 13

Meningitis (Spinal Cord/ brain infection)

Answer 13

Sensitivity to bright light, seizures, stiff neck, severe headache.
very sleepy & vacant, high fever, confused & delirious, vomiting.

Question 14

Meningitis: Clinical Presentation

Answer 14

Most common presenting symptoms: headache, fever, vomiting, and rigidity of the neck
Early symptoms include nausea, drowsiness, and confusion. Pain in the posterior thigh or lumbar region may also be noted
Later symptoms can include seizures, photophobia, and rapid breathing rate.
***Rash on the skin: scanty petechial (red or purple non-blanching macules smaller than 2mm in diameter), or a purpuric (larger than 2mm) appears on approximately 80-90% of individuals with bacterial meningitis.

Question 15

Can meningitis and septicemia happen together?

Answer 15

Yes often times happen together

Question 16

Kernig’s sign

Answer 16

knees cannot extent due to pain when hip flexed go 90 degree.

Question 17

Brudzinski sign

Answer 17

bend neck, hips and flex knees

Question 18

Meningitis: Diagnosis

Answer 18

Meningitis is diagnosed through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, which includes white blood cell count, glucose, protein, culture, and in some cases, polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CSF is obtained via a lumbar puncture (LP), and the opening pressure can be measured.
Additional testing should be performed tailored on suspected etiology.
Viral: Multiplex and specific PCRs; Fungal: CSF fungal culture, India ink stain for Cryptococcus; Mycobacterial: CSF Acid-fast bacilli smear and culture; Syphilis: CSF VDRL; Lyme disease: CSF burgdorferi antibody

Question 19

Meningitis: LABS

Answer 19

CBC (elevated WBC indicates infection)
Blood culture (+ indicates bloodstream infection)
Urinalysis (infection in urinary tract)
CXR (pulmonary related infection)
Biopsy (may biopsy rash)
CT/MRI (to check for brain tissue swelling/complications)

Question 20

Antibiotics

Answer 20

Managing the airway, maintaining oxygenation, giving sufficient intravenous fluids while providing fever control are parts of the foundation of meningitis management.
The type of antibiotic is based on the presumed organism causing the infection. The clinician must take into account patient demographics and past medical history in order to provide the best antimicrobial coverage.

Question 21

Steroid Therapy

Answer 21

Corticosteroids can reduce the inflammation and possibly reduce associated hearing loss and other neurological sequela

Question 22

Increased intracranial Pressure

Answer 22

If the patient develops clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure (altered mental status, neurologic deficits, non-reactive pupils, bradycardia), interventions to maintain cerebral perfusion include:
Elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees
Osmoticdiuretics as 25% mannitol or 3% saline)

Question 23

Chemoprophylaxis

Answer 23

Indicated for close contacts of a patient diagnosed with N. meningitidis and H. influenzae type B meningitis. Close contacts include housemates, significant others, those who have shared utensils, and health care providers in proximity to secretions (providing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, intubating without a facemask)

Question 24

Vaccines

Answer 24

Vaccines for the prevention of IMD that are authorized for use in Canada include:
Monovalent conjugate meningococcal vaccines(Men-C-C)
Quadrivalent conjugate meningococcal vaccines(Men-C-ACYW)
Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines
Multicomponent meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB)
Bivalent factor-H binding protein meningococcal serogroupB vaccine (MenB-fHBP)
Meningococcal vaccines are initially highly effective but effectiveness wanes over time

Question 25

MenB vaccine

Answer 25

available in NS to youth 25 years and younger with a NS Health Card entering post secondary studies AND living for the first time in a congregate living setting. You can also receive at any time for a cost.

Question 26

Healthy children

Answer 26

should be immunized with a monovalent conjugate C meningococcal (Men-C-C) vaccine routinely at 12 months of age; however, they may begin meningococcal immunization earlier, depending on provincial and territorial schedules

Question 27

Healthy adolescents and young adults

Answer 27

either a Men-C-C or a quadrivalent conjugate meningococcal (Men-C-ACYW) vaccine, depending on local epidemiology and programmatic considerations, is recommended for individuals 12 to 24 years of age, even if they have previously been vaccinated as an infant or toddler. The vaccine in this age group is routinely provided at 12 years of age. 

Question 28

Sex

Answer 28

“refers to a set of biological attributes in humans and animals. It is primarily associated with physical and physiological features including chromosomes, gene expression, hormone levels and function, and reproductive/sexual anatomy. Sex is usually categorized as female or male but there is variation in the biological attributes that comprise sex and how those attributes are expressed"

Question 29

Gender

Answer 29

refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people. It influences how people perceive themselves and each other, how they act and interact, and the distribution of power and resources in society. Gender identity is not confined to a binary (girl/woman, boy/man) nor is it static; it exists along a continuum and can change over time. There is considerable diversity in how individuals and groups understand, experience and express gender through the roles they take on, the expectations placed on them, relations with others and the complex ways that gender is institutionalized in society

Question 30

Gender expression

Answer 30

How one chooses to convey one’s gender identity through behavior, clothing, and other external characteristics

Question 31

Gender identity

Answer 31

An individual’s sense of being a man, woman, boy, girl, nonbinary, etc. This identity is not necessarily visible to others

Question 32

Sexual orientation

Answer 32

Describes sexual attraction, behavior, and identity. Use sexual orientation rather than sexual preference. Preference suggests that non-heterosexuality is a choice, a concept often used to discriminate against the LGBTQI+ community. Preference also suggests a selection from two or more choices, excluding bisexual people and pansexual people, among others

Question 33

Gender dysphoria

Answer 33

Feelings of unease and incongruence between anatomical sex and gender identity

Question 34

Gender Roles

Answer 34

Social constructs, expectations, that influence behaviours, responsibilities, and roles based on gender

Question 35

Gender Stereotypes in Healthcare

Answer 35

Stereotypes can affect clinical assessments, communication and the delivery of care (e.g. women are more emotional)

Question 36

Nurses Role

Answer 36

Challenge traditional gender roles to ensure equitable and professional care delivery

Question 37

Health Disparities

Answer 37

a difference in health outcomes, including access to care, between groups of people

Question 38

Gender-Related Health Disparities

Answer 38

Women experience higher rates of certain conditions (e.g. reproductive health issues) Men experience higher rates of kidney disease and certain cancers Non-binary and transgender individuals may face barriers including limited access to gender-affirming care

Question 39

Gender Specific Health Care Needs

Answer 39

Gender-specific screenings Accessing mental health services for gender related issues

Question 40

Confidentiality

Answer 40

Duty to ensure the patient’s gender identity and related health information remain confidential and protected

Question 41

Patient Autonomy

Answer 41

A core ethical principle is respecting a patient’s gender identity & expression

Question 42

Cultural Competence

Answer 42

Nurses must understand cultural differences in gender roles & beliefs and strive to provide culturally competent care

Question 43

Gender Dysphoria

Answer 43

Gender dysphoria (previously gender identity disorder) is a “marked incongruence between their experienced or expressed gender and the one they were assigned at birth (Garg et al., 2023) Gender dysphoria symptoms in children include expressions of desire to be the opposite sex (children insist that they are the opposite sex) Teenagers and adults may also verbalize a desire to be the other sex and to be treated as such Adolescents may dread the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics Individuals may seek hormones or surgery as part of their gender transition

Question 44

Health Policy

Answer 44

“Policies, procedures, guidelines and protocols (PPGPs) help an organization deliver quality and consistent services based on best evidence, best practice and the appropriate application of organizational values. They make expectations, requirements and accountabilities clear to all members of the health care team”

Question 45

Exceptions to Policy

Answer 45

Policies are tools to communicate an organizational philosophy and approach to specific situations. Adherence is expected while, at the same time, there is an understanding that policies cannot address all possible scenarios (NSH, 2015) In exceptional circumstances when a staff member has sound, safety- based reason(s) for not adhering to a policy, discuss with the appropriate manager or delegate and obtain approval for an exception to policy (NSH, 2015) Evaluation of Policy Evaluate adherence and whether policy has met desired outcomes

Question 46

What is RSV?

Answer 46

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a contagious respiratory virus that typically causes mild, cold-like symptoms. RSV is common around the world however in Canada it is most active during the fall and winter months. RSV enters the body through the mouth, eyes, or nose through infected droplets, it Is spread through close contact with others, for example if someone coughs or sneezes next to an individual, it is also spread by sharing personal items or touching contaminated surfaces

Question 47

symptoms of RSV?

Answer 47

Coughing Runny nose Sneezing Wheezing Fever Decrease in appetite and energy In severe cases of RSV can lead to bronchiolitis and pneumonia, RSV is major cause of hospitalizations in infants who are under a year old, especially if they have underlying health conditions or premature birth.

Question 48

Diagnosis RSV

Answer 48

Swab of secretions from inside the mouth or nose to check for signs of the virus Blood tests to check white cell counts or to look for viruses, bacteria and other germs Chest X-rays to check for lung inflammation

Question 49

Interventions for RSV

Answer 49

Hydration: this can include breastmilk, formula, or water/electrolyte solutions for older children Oxygen therapy: apply supplemental oxygen if oxygen levels are low Nasal Suctioning : remove mucus by using a blub syringe for a clear airway  Humidified air: can help the child's room air be moist, which can help with breathing   Fever and Pain Management: administering Tylenol for fever if needed  Hand Hygiene: RSV is very contagious, so it is important to frequently wash your hands to prevent spread.

Question 49

Tylenol

Answer 49

Pharmacological Class- Antipyretic Adverse Reactions- Steven Johnson Syndrome, hepatotoxicity, pustulosis, difficulty breathing, swelling of face Side Effects- itching, rash, hives, Drug Interactions- may interact with seizure medication, however unless there’s an allergy, it is safe to take. You should always inform your doctor of the medications you take incase of drug interactions. Post Medication Assessment- Assess for pain level 0-10 as well as temperature

Question 50

Palivizumab (Synagis)

Answer 50

Palivisumab is an injection used to help prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) which is a common virus that can cause serious lung infections in children. This is a vaccine which means it is not used to treat symptoms of RSV, but instead helps the child’s immune system to slow or stop the spread of virus.

Question 51

Active TB

Answer 51

Symptoms such as weight loss, chest pain, fever,night sweats, persistent cough, very contagious, have a positive TB skin blood test.

Question 53

Latent TB disease

Answer 53

Generally asymptomatic, can't be spread, there's a risk of developing active TB, positive TB blood test and TB skin test.

Question 54

Symptoms of active TB

Answer 54

Cough, chills, fever, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats-symptoms become worse over a few weeks

Question 55

Pathophysiology of active TB

Answer 55

A person inhales air that contains droplets containing mycobacterium tuberculosis and infection may begin and spread in the alveoli and after 2-8 weeks the immune system intervenes this leads to latent TB and then latent TB can develop into active TB

Question 56

Interventions

Answer 56

Abx tx, directly observed therapy (dot), oxygen PRN, nutritional support

Question 57

Infection control

Answer 57

Airborne

Question 58

Diagnostic tests for TB

Answer 58

Tuberculin skin test blood test (intereron gamma release assay), CXR, sputum smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture and phenotypic drug sensitivity testing (DST), nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

Question 59

Medication phases

Answer 59

1. Initial intensive phase 2. Continuation phase

Question 60

Initial intensive phase

Answer 60

Goal: rapid destruction of bacteria timeframe: 2 months,5 days/week At least 3 medications

Question 61

Continuation phase

Answer 61

Goal : destroy remaining bacteria, help prevent reoccurrence Timeframe: variable, 4-7 months Usually 2 medications

Question 62

First line medication options

Answer 62

Isoniazid Rifampin Ethambutol hydrochloride Pyrazinamide

Question 63

Medication protocol

Answer 63

1) active TB infection 2) begin all 4 first line meds 3) susceptibility test 4) stop ethambutol 5) after 2 months stop pyrazinamide 6) continue isoniazid and rifampin for about 4 more months

Question 64

Goals of tx

Answer 64

Adherence to tx plan No recurrence of disease Normal pft's Reduction of spread

Question 65

How does TB spread?

Answer 65

Airborne

Question 66

Risk factors for contracting active TB

Answer 66

Close contact with someone infected with TB Crowded living conditions Poor living conditions Poor nutrition Poor air ventilation Weak immune system

Question 67

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 67

Characterized by a persistently depressed mood lasting for a minimum of two weeks, major depression is among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in Canada, affecting women twice as often as men. However, this statistic may be inaccurate, as men often delay seeking mental health care and tend to underreport their symptoms The duration of a depressive episode can vary widely, with about 20% of cases becoming chronic. Additionally, although depression often starts with a single occurrence, most individuals will experience recurrent episodes. An individual receives a diagnosis of major depressive disorder after meeting specific criteria outlined in the DSM-5, which includes experiencing persistent feelings of sadness or loss of interest in activities, along with other symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep patterns, behavior, and energy level

Question 68

When taking sertraline what should we monitor for ?

Answer 68

Serotonin syndrome

Question 69

Interventions for MDD

Answer 69

CBT Exercise Group therapy Medication management

Question 70

What is H. Pylori?

Answer 70

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects your stomach. It can cause sores and inflammation in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine (the duodenum). For some people, an infection can lead to stomach cancer.

Question 71

Ways to contract H. Pylori

Answer 71

H. pylori bacteria usually spread from person to person and also likely through: Dirty food, water, or utensils Mouth to mouth (kissing) Contaminated poop or vomit

Question 72

Stages of symptoms

Answer 72

Early: most show no obvious symptoms Intermediate: Dull, burning pain in stomach, unintentional weight loss, bloating, nausea, vomiting, indigestion (heartburn), burping, loss of appetite, dark stool Late: Ulcers and increased risk for developing stomach cancer

Question 73

Diagnostic testing

Answer 73

Urea breath test ​ H. pylori–specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies.​ H. pylori stool antigen levels​ Gastric biopsy

Question 74

Diagnostic results and plan

Answer 74

The diagnosis of H. pylori was confirmed after a positive stool test.

Question 75

Triple Therapy Medication

Answer 75

PPI Amoxicillin Clarithromycin

Question 76

Quadruple therapy Medication

Answer 76

PPI Bismuth Subsalicylate Tetracycline Metronidazole (flagyl)

Question 77

Patient Education for H.Pylori

Answer 77

H. Pylori and potential complications : It is important to educate the patient on H. Pylori Infection and the clinical manifestations that can arise as a result of the bacteria, such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and the increased risk of developing gastric cancer. Using simple language and avoiding medical jargon is vital to enhance understanding and limit any confusion with treatment. 

Question 78

Symptom Management & Medication

Answer 78

Educate the patient on ways to alleviate their symptoms such as adhering to the medications prescribed, altering diet, making appropriate lifestyle changes. Explain to the patient the importance of completing treatment as it can lead to other complications like antibiotic resistance and reinfection. 

Question 79

Indications for Immediate Health Care Intervention 

Answer 79

Ensure the patient is aware of when to seek medical attention such as signs of dehydration, signs of GI bleeding such as black stools or blood presence in vomit appearing as “coffee grounds”. 

Question 80

Dietary & Lifestyle Changes 

Answer 80

Patients may have to adapt lifestyle changes and strictly adhere to medication regimens. The patient may be advised to follow a non-irritating or bland diet, avoid spicy foods, eat smaller more frequent meals, avoid alcohol, and keep track of what foods cause an increase in irritation so they can avoid them. Additional lifestyle changes that may be recommended are to avoid smoking, limit stress, and rest plenty, stay hydrated, avoid NSAIDS. 

Question 81

Interprofessional Collaboration

Answer 81

a health care provider, nurse, dietician, mental health support and pharmacist’s ability to provide consistent information and support may increase the patient’s success in making these lifestyle changes. A pharmacist can assist with NRT therapy, missed dose instructions, and additional support for adherence. 

Question 82

Hygiene & Infection Prevention 

Answer 82

Providing education on hand hygiene, safe food handling, avoiding contaminated drinking water can assist with preventing re-infection and spread. As the bacteria is present in the GI tract it is recommend for patients to avoid sharing any drinks, utensils or cigarettes to prevent spread. 

Question 83

Follow up Care

Answer 83

Instruct patient to book a follow up appointment with care provider following medication therapy to ensure additional treatment is not required and confirm eradication. Because the incidence of gastric cancer is higher for patients with a hx of chronic gastritis, close follow up is recommended.

Question 84

Special Considerations

Answer 84

Address any potential barriers for care such as language, rural access, transportation, access to clean drinking water should be considered when considering discharge plans for the patient. 

Question 85

What is MAID?

Answer 85

Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) is when a doctor or nurse practitioner helps an individual end their life, at their request with oral or IV medication. The person requesting MAiD must meet several criteria to be eligible to receive MAiD. The criteria to receive MAiD: a serious and terminal illness, disability, or disease that causes them to endure unbearable suffering and cannot be relieved under adequate conditions, advanced state of decline and capability that is irreversible and whose natural death is reasonably expected. (90-day (3-month) evaluation period

Question 86

4 medications for MAID

Answer 86

Midazolam (high alert) sedation and reduces anxiety Lidocaine reduces irritation from propofol by numbing the vein Propofol induces general anesthesia in adults and children 3 years and up Rocuronium induces skeletal muscle paralysis including the cessation of respiration

Question 87

Reasons for a Second Medication Kit

Answer 87

Loss of IV access Drug underdosing Accidental wastage or breakage

Question 88

Interventions for MAID

Answer 88

Symptom Management and Comfort Care Assessment (thorough) Interdisciplinary consultation Informed consent Psychosocial and emotional support Debriefing sessions post moterm care

Question 89

Can a type 2 diabetic go into DKA or is it only type 1?

Answer 89

Yes, a person with type 2 diabetes can go into diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), although it is more common in type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, DKA usually occurs under extreme stress conditions like severe infection, trauma, or illness. However, another serious condition called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is more typical in type 2 and also requires emergency treatment.

Question 90

How do you think healthcare professionals can best collaborate with patients to address both the physical and emotional challenges that come with managing a chronic condition like type 2 diabetes?

Answer 90

Actively listening to patient concerns Building trust and open communication Involving patients in goal setting Connecting them with mental health support, peer groups, or diabetes educators Recognizing emotional fatigue and burnout, and validating their experiences Empathy, respect, and teamwork go a long way.

Question 91

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 91

Type 1: Autoimmune, where the body attacks insulin-producing beta cells. Usually diagnosed in childhood/young adulthood. Patients need insulin for life. Type 2: The body becomes insulin resistant, or the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin. Often associated with lifestyle and genetics. Managed with diet, exercise, oral meds, and sometimes insulin. Usually develops in adulthood.

Question 92

Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) measures your average blood sugar levels over what period?

Answer 92

A1c reflects your average blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months. It's a key marker for how well diabetes is being managed over time.

Question 93

If your diabetes isn’t controlled, which parts of the body may be affected?

Answer 93

Eyes (retinopathy → blindness) Kidneys (nephropathy → kidney failure) Nerves (neuropathy → numbness, pain, infections) Heart and blood vessels (increased risk of heart attack, stroke) Feet (poor circulation + neuropathy → ulcers, infection, amputation)

Question 94

What indicators should we look for during follow-up visits to assess if our discharge plan was effective?

Answer 94

Blood glucose logs or CGM reports A1c levels Weight/BMI trends Blood pressure and lipid panel Medication adherence Self-care behaviors (diet, physical activity, foot checks) Psychosocial well-being Hospital readmissions or complications since discharge

Question 95

Why is daily foot care important for patients with diabetes?

Answer 95

Diabetes can cause nerve damage and poor circulation, increasing the risk of unnoticed injuries, infections, and ulcers. Daily foot checks help catch issues early and prevent serious complications like infections and amputations. Proper foot hygiene, well-fitting shoes, and prompt attention to cuts or blisters are key.

Question 96

What is Influenza A?

Answer 96

It’s a virus that infects the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. There are different subtypes (like H1N1 and H3N2), which are named based on the proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Influenza A can infect humans and animals, and it’s also the type responsible for flu pandemics (like the 2009 H1N1 "swine flu").

Question 97

How do you get it?

Answer 97

Breathing in droplets: When someone with the flu coughs, sneezes, or talks, tiny droplets go into the air and you can breathe them in. Touching contaminated surfaces: The virus can live on surfaces like doorknobs or phones. If you touch one and then touch your mouth, nose, or eyes, you can get infected. Close contact: Being near someone who’s sick (hugging, shaking hands, sharing drinks) increases your risk.

Question 98

Prevention Tips

Answer 98

Get your flu shot every year Wash hands regularly Avoid close contact with people who are sick Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing Stay home if you feel unwell

Question 99

Common Antiviral Medications for Influenza A

Answer 99

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Oral capsule or liquid Can be used for treatment or prevention Safe for children and adults Side effects: nausea, vomiting (usually mild) Zanamivir (Relenza) Inhaled powder Not recommended for people with asthma or COPD Used for people age 7 and up Side effects: cough, bronchospasm in some Peramivir (Rapivab) IV (intravenous) — usually used in hospitals One-time dose For adults and some children Side effects: diarrhea, skin reactions

Question 100

when should you take them ?

Answer 100

They work best when started within 48 hours of symptoms starting. Not everyone with the flu needs medication — it's usually recommended for high-risk groups or severe cases.

Question 101

As you read think about strategies suggested by newly licensed nurses to prevent and intervene during incidents of workplace bullying behavior & your role in promoting and achieving a violence-free workplace according to CNA.

Answer 101

As a newly licensed nurse, your voice and behavior matter. You are in a unique position to both observe and influence the culture around you. By modeling respectful behavior, reporting incidents, supporting peers, and engaging in solutions, you're helping build a safer, healthier workplace.... Model Professional and Respectful Behavior New nurses can lead by example, setting a tone of professionalism and mutual respect even early in their careers. Participate in Violence Prevention Training Engaging in workshops on de-escalation, communication, and conflict resolution equips new nurses with the tools to handle tense situations. Speak Up and Report Incidents Newly licensed nurses are encouraged to document and report bullying or violence through the appropriate channels, helping to build accountability and transparency. Be Aware of Their Own Behavior and Reactions Self-reflection and emotional intelligence are key—understanding how one's own actions may influence workplace dynamics is important. Promote and Support a Positive Work Culture By supporting peers, being kind, and avoiding gossip or exclusion, new nurses help shift workplace culture away from toxicity. Support Colleagues Who Are Targeted Showing support to fellow nurses who are being bullied (including speaking up or offering emotional support) disrupts isolation and reinforces a team-centered environment. Engage with Health and Safety Committees Newly licensed nurses can contribute fresh perspectives and ideas to joint workplace safety committees or initiatives.