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Parasitology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the forms of locomotion of Protozoa?

A

Pseudopodia
Flagella
Gliding movements - no locomotion organelle
Cilia

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2
Q

How are Protozoa classified? (What is classification based on)?

A

The mode of locomotion

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3
Q

What are the three phylum of Protozoa that are of veterinary importance? What are their modes of locomotion?

A

Sarcomastigophora - pseudopodia and/or flagella
Apicomplexa - gliding
Ciliophora - cilia

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4
Q

What is a zoite?

A

Functional unit of protozoanontogeny (=development)

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5
Q

What is a sporocyst?

A

Infective form found in a sporulated oocyst

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6
Q

What is a trophozoite?

A

From which feeds and grows

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7
Q

What is a tachyzoite?

A

Form which divides rapidly

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8
Q

What is a bradyzoite?

A

Form which divides slowly

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9
Q

How does an oocyst become a sporulated oocyst?

A

It undergoes sporulation

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10
Q

True or false? If a Protozoa has a cyst stage, that is the infective stage.

A

True

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11
Q

True or false? The adult Protozoa cause the most clinical signs and pathogenesis. (General)

A

False - trophozoites cause the most

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12
Q

How does a Protozoa reproduce?

A 
Asexual reproduction (binary fission, budding, schizogony (merogony)
Sexual reproduction
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13
Q

True or false? Protozoa that divide asexually have a long generation time

A

False - they have a short generation time

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14
Q

What does asexual reproduction result in?

A

Exponential increase in the number of zoites

Destruction of host cell in proportion to the infection

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15
Q

When does asexual reproduction stop?

A

After a fixed number of repetitions

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16
Q

How is sexual reproduction in Protozoa accomplished?

A

Gametogony or sporogony
• Merozoite becomes either a Macrogametocyte (macrogamont) and then a macrogamete OR Microgametocyte (microgamont) and then several microgametes
• When a microgamete fertilizes a macrogamete a zygote forms; then a wall forms around this and it becomes an oocyst

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17
Q

What are the general characteristics of kinetoplastorida?

A

Haemoflagellates
Parasites of the blood
Generally transmitted by biting insects

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18
Q

What are the general characteristics of diplomonadorida and trichomonadorida?

A

Flagellates

Predominantly of the intestines

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19
Q

What are the orders of interest in the protozoan phylum sarcomastigophora?

A

Kinetoplastorida
Diplomonadorida
Trichomonadorida

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20
Q

What are the general characteristics of apicomplexa Protozoa?

A

Apical complex
Locomotion by gliding
Life cycle largely intracellular
Sexual and asexual phases occur

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21
Q

What are the orders of interest in apicomplexa?

A

Eucoccidiorida
Piroplasmoridia
Haemosporidia

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22
Q

What are the general chracteristics of eucoccidiorida?

A

Parasites of epithelial cells

Sexual and asexual reproduction occurs in epithelial cells

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23
Q

What are the general chracteristics of piroplasmorida?

A

Parasites of blood cells
Ticks as vectors
Sexual reproduction takes place in ticks

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24
Q

What are the common chracteristics of haemosporida

A

Parasites of blood cells
Biting insects as vectors
Sexual reproduction takes place in insects

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25
Q

What Protozoa of interest are in diplomonadidae?

A

Giardia intestinalis
Giardia intestinalis
Spironucleus spp

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26
Q

What are the hosts of giardia intestinalis?

A

Dogs, cats, cattle……. Humans

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27
Q

How many assemblages does giardia intestinalis have?

A

8 - it is assemblage specific

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28
Q

Which assemblage(s) of giardia intestinalis are zoonotic?

A

A and B

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29
Q

What are the assemblages of giardia intestinalis and what are their hosts?

A 
Zoonotic/A Humans, livestock, cats, dogs, beavers, guinea pigs, slow loris
Zoonotic/B Humans, slow loris, chinchillas, dogs, beavers, rats, siamangs
Dog/C, 
D Dogs 
Livestock/E Cattle, sheep, pigs
Cat/F Cats
Rat/G Domestic rats
Muskrats/Vole Wild rodents
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30
Q

How big are the cysts and trophozoites of giardia intestinalis?

A

Trophozoites 21um

Cysts 12um

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31
Q

What is the site of infection of giardia intestinalis?

A

Small intestine

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32
Q

What is the life cycle of giardia intestinalis?

A

Exogenous cyst -> ingested -> endogenous develop to trophozoite (usually in duodenum) -> cyst and trophozoite defected -> cyst

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33
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by giardia intestinalis?

A
  • Attach to microvilli of proximal small bowel to feed, occasionally cause duodenal ulcerations
  • Malabsorption common
  • Asymptomatic, trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation
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34
Q

What are the clinical signs of giardia intestinalis?

A

None, acute or chronic diarrhea

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35
Q

How is giardia intestinalis diagnosed?

A

fecal smear demonstrates cysts and trophozoites (if feces are unformed);
fecal flotation with zinc sulphate;
ELISA (SANP)

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36
Q

How is giardia treated and prevented in dogs and cats?

A

No treatments are approved in the USA for dogs and cats.

parasiticides (fenbendazole & metronidazole) and hygiene

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37
Q

How is giardia intestinalis treated and prevented in cattle?

A

several benzimidazoleremedies approved for cattle
prevention with sanitation and disinfection
filters with 10 µm aperture prevent transmission

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38
Q

What are Protozoa?

A

Unicellular, eukaryotic animals

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39
Q

What are the hosts of Spironucleus (Hexamita) spp?

A

Domestic and wild fowl, chicken are NOT affected

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40
Q

How are Spironucleus spp identified?

A
  • two nuclei, flagellated

- one species (S. meleagridis) infects turkeys, one species (S. columbae) infects pigeons

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41
Q

What age of birds are affected by Spironucleus spp?

A

young birds

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42
Q

How does spironucleus spp spread?

A
  • infectious catarrhal enteritis
  • Droppings from carrier birds
  • Contamination of shoes or equipment carries fecal material to one location from another
  • Many carrier birds
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43
Q

What is the site of infection of Spironucleus spp?

A

large intestine

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44
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions and clinical signs does Spironucleus spp cause?

A
  • listlessness
  • watery or foamy diarrhea
  • rapid weight loss
  • severe losses in young birds of 3-5 weeks old
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45
Q

How is spironucleus spp diagnosed?

A
  • history
  • signs
  • demonstrate flagellate organisms in intestinal contents
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46
Q

True or false? Giardia intestinalis and Spironucleus spp both have a trophozoite and cyst stage?

A

True

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47
Q

What species are included in Trichomonadidae?

A
  • Tritrichomonas foetus (cattle)
  • Tritrichomonas foetus (feline)
  • Trichomonas spp
  • Histomonas spp.
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48
Q

What is the host of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

cattle

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49
Q

How is tritrichomonas foetus identified?

A
  • 3 anterior flagella

- undulating membrane

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50
Q

Where can tritrichomonas foetus be found in the host and how is it transmitted?

A
  • in urogenital tracts, prepuce of bull, vagina, cervix and uterus of cows
  • transmitted by coitus
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51
Q

Why is a tritrichomonas foetus infection bad for cattle farms?

A
  • it is a venereal disease
  • causes infertility, open cows and occasional abortions in cows and heifers
  • Can be economically devastating and costly to eradicate from a herd
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52
Q

How does Tritrichomonas foetus present in bulls and where is it located?

A
  • organism survives in microscopic folds of skin that line bull’s penis and intersnal sheath. Number and size of folds increase with age = more organisms
  • bulls are asymptomatic life time carriers
  • older bulls more likely to become chronically infected than younger bulls
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53
Q

How does tritrichomonas foetus present in cows?

A

organism lives in vagina, cervix, and uterus

  • short lived - until her immune system destroys it
  • cows can become repeatedly infected
  • does not appear ill but may show subtle, mild, vaginal discharge in 1-3 weeks (pyrometra)
  • inflammatory response leading to abortion
  • wide ranges of gestational ages at pregnancy checks
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54
Q

What is the site of infection of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A
  • uterus, cervix, and vagina in cows

- prepuce in bulls

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55
Q

What pathogenesis and lesions are caused by Tritrichomonas foetus?

A
  • in bull there may be discharge but thereafter no lesions

- in cow there may be endometritis

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56
Q

What are the clinical signs of tritrichomonas foetus?

A
  • none in bull

- in cow early abortion, repeated returns to service, decreased herd yield (8-29%)

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57
Q

How is tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed?

A
  • PCR (differentiate contaminate trichomonads, also detect dead cells)
  • Culture (slow (days), detect live cells only)
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58
Q

How is tritrichomonas diagnosed on a herd basis?

A
  • bulls go back to work at end of long breeding season
  • a lot of cows at end of a short breeding season
  • a 10-40% reduction in pregnant cows at pregnancy check time
  • a spread out of calving season
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59
Q

When is a bull diagnosed with tritrichomonas foetus and why?

A
  • best to test after 2 weeks of sexual rest
  • usually culture up to 7 days
  • if even one bull is positive you have to assume that the herd has been exposed
  • three consecutive tests recomened for bulls, once a week for three weeks (increased sensitivity)
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60
Q

When should cows be diagnosed with tritrichomonas foetus and why?

A
  • Test soon after embryo death
  • Usually clear infection rapidly, often in one season
  • Months delay for suggestive history in a herd
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61
Q

How is tritrichomonas foetus treated and prevented?

A
  • no approved treatment
  • prevention is key
  • reportable disease
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62
Q

How is tritrichomonas foetus controlled (integrated approach)

A
  • All bulls tested, positive bulls culled

- Young bulls (

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63
Q

What feline breeds are susceptible to tritrichomonas foetus?

A

all of them

- about 1/3 purebred feline population may be infected

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64
Q

How long does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the stool of cats?

A

for at least a day in wet stools

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65
Q

What is the primary route of infection of tritrichomonas foetus in cats?

A

fecal-oral route

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66
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by tritrichomonas foetus in cats?

A
  • may be asymptomatic

- symptomatic cats show diarrhea - cow pie like stools that are often gassy and malodorous

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67
Q

What age of cats are most at risk of becoming infected with tritrichomonas foetus?

A

young - one year old or younger

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68
Q

How is tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed in cats?

A
  • direct fecal smear -> low sensitivity
  • Fecal culturing
  • PCR
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69
Q

How is tritrichomonas foetus treated in cats?

A

ronidazole - 30mg/kg oral for 14 days

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70
Q

What is the common name of trichomonas spp?

A

Canker (pigeons)

Frounce (Hawks)

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71
Q

What are the hosts of trichomonas spp?

A

Domestic and wild fowl

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72
Q

How is trichomonas spp identified?

A
  • Pear‐shaped,5‐19um
  • Singlenucleus,flagellaandaxostyle
  • SimilartoTritrichomonas ofcattle
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73
Q

What are the three modes of infection of trichomonas spp?

A

Threemodesofinfection

  • Fromadulttoyoungpigeons– “pigeonmilk”
  • Contaminateddrinkingwater
  • Raptorfeedingoninfectedpreybird
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74
Q

Where are the trophozoites of trichomonas spp found?

A

• Trophozoites inoral‐nasalcavityandupperdigestivetract

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75
Q

What are the sites of infection of trichomonas spp?

A

Crop, mouth, pharynx, esophagus

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76
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by trichomonas spp?

A
  • Small,yellowishlesions(“cankers”)inmouth
  • Inflammationandulcerationofmucosa
  • Diarrheaanddeathmayoccur
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77
Q

How is trichomonas spp diagnosed?

A

• Demonstrationoftrichomonads inmucusorfluidofmouthor
crop
• Yellowish‐whitenodulesoforalcavitystronglysuggestTrichomonas spp.infection

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78
Q

What is the common name of histomonas spp?

A

Blackhead

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79
Q

What are the hosts of histomonas spp?

A

Fowl, primarily Turkey

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80
Q

What is the vector of histomonas spp?

A

Heterakis

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81
Q

How is histomonas spp identified?

A
  • Roundtooval

* Mayexhibitpseudopodial movement

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82
Q

What are the sites of infection of histomonas spp?

A

Cecum and liver

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83
Q

How is histomonas spp pleomorphic?

A

Cecum = flagellum, liver = no flagellum

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84
Q

What are important features of the life cycle of histomonas spp?

A
  • Trophozoitespassinfecesdie
  • Trophozoites ineggsofHeterakis gallinarum areinfective
  • Birdsingesteggswithtrophozoite and/orearthworm
  • Trophozoites released;invadececal wall
  • Maymigratetoliver
85
Q

What pathogenesis, lesion and clinical signs are caused by histomonas spp.?

A
  • Causesinfectiousenterohepatitis
  • Affectsyoungturkeysandcanbefatal
  • Hemorrhagicliverwithcharacteristiclesions:yellowtoyellow‐greencirculardepressions
  • Markedcecal inflammationandulceration
86
Q

How is histomonas spp diagnosed?

A
  • Lesionsincecumandliveronnecropsy

* Trophozoites inliverorcecum

87
Q

How is histomonas spp treated and prevented?

A

• Turkeysshouldberearedongroundthathasnotbeenusedtorearbirds(domesticchickens)foratleast2years

88
Q

What are the hosts of trypanosoma cruzi?

A

dogs, cats, humans

Reservoir hosts are many species, wild and domestic

89
Q

How is trypanosoma cruzi identified?

A

elongated trypomastigote in blood smear

90
Q

What is the vector of trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Kissing bug - triatomine bug

91
Q

What is the diagnostic stage and infective stage of trypanosoma cruzi?

A 
Diagnostic = Tryptomastigote in blood
Infective = metacyclic tryptomastigote in feces
92
Q

How is trypanosoma cruzi diagnosed?

A

trypomastigote in blood smear. Xenodiagnosis or serological tests confirming infected animal

93
Q

What is the common name of leishmania spp?

A

Kala-azar (visceral); oriental sore (cutaneous)

94
Q

What are the hosts of leishmania spp?

A

dogs, humans

Reservoir hosts are many species, wild and domestic

95
Q

How is leishmania spp identified?

A

amastgiotes, round or oval in host macrophages, 1.5-3.0 × 2.5-6.5 µm

96
Q

What is the vector of leishmania spp?

A

Sand fly

97
Q

What are the sites of infection of leishmania spp?

A

skin, liver, spleen, bone marrow & lymph node

98
Q

Where is leishmania found in the U.S.?

A

East cost area

99
Q

How is leishmania spp diagnosed?

A

tissue biopsy – amastigotes in macrophages; IFA; ELISA; PCR

100
Q

What species are of interest in Eucoccidiorida?

A

o Isospora canis
o Isospora suis
o Eimera spp. in various hosts (swine, bovine, ovine/caprine, equine,
avian)

101
Q

What are coccidian parasites?

A

members of the Order Eucoccidiorida-host specificity

102
Q

What is coccidiasis?

A

infection with coccidian parasites.

103
Q

What is coccidiosis?

A

disease caused by coccidian infection

104
Q

What are the hosts of isospora canis?

A

final hosts are dogs.

Paratenic hosts include rodents

105
Q

What characteristics are used to identify isospora canis?

A

largest, 50 μm

106
Q

How many sporozoites can be seen in the sporocyst of isospora canis?

A

2 along with a large, round, residual body

107
Q

What are the sites of infection of isospora canis?

A

Small intestine

108
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by isospora canis?

A

small intestinal cells destroyed.
Diarrhea can be severe, watery, profuse and bloody.
Young dogs susceptible

109
Q

How is isospora canis identified?

A

oocyst, smaller than ascarid eggs (80-100 µm) and larger than Sarcocystis spp (18 µm)

110
Q

How is isospora canis treated and prevented?

A

Management is critical

111
Q

What pathology, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by isospora suis?

A

Infects 1-2 week old piglets,

high morbidity; low mortality

112
Q

What are some important characteristics of Eimeria spp?

A
  • Requiring one host
  • Often restricted to a certain host species
  • Most are gastrointestinal parasites of vertebrates
  • A given species may be limited to a narrow zone, specific kind of cells in a zone, even specific locations within the cells
  • Number of Eimeria species numerous
  • Merogony and gametogony within hosts, sporogony typically outside of hosts
113
Q

How long is the PPP of Eimeria spp?

A

Days

114
Q

What are important characteristics of the life cycle of Eimeria spp?

A

1) Sporulation
2) Asexual reproduction: infection and schizogony
3) Sexual reproduction: gametogony and oocyst formation

115
Q

How s Eimeria spp (swine) identified?

A

8 individual parasites found in oocyst

15 - 50 um

116
Q

What are the sites of infection of Eimeria spp? (Swine)

A

Small intestine

117
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by Eimeria spp? (Swine)

A

Small intestinal cells are destroyed

Enteritis, diarrhea

118
Q

How is Eimeria spp (swine) diagnosed?

A

Identification of oocysts

119
Q

How is Eimeria spp (swine) treated and prevented?

A

Avoid overcrowding and poor sanitation
Immunity develops
Antiprotozoal remedies

120
Q

How is Eimeria spp (cattle) identified?

A
  • unsporulated oocyst in feces (20um)

* sporulate for identification-12 species

121
Q

What are the sites of infection of Eimeria spp? (Cattle)

A
  • small and large intestines

* lesions in large intestine

122
Q

What pathogenesis and lesions are caused by Eimeria spp? (Cattle)

A
  • inflammatory changes in mucosa

* disruption of mucosa of large intestine

123
Q

What clinical signs are caused by Eimeria spp in cattle?

A
  • diarrhea (mild to severe)
  • profuse, watery, bloody, projectile
  • severity related to parasite density and number of cells affected
124
Q

How is Eimeria spp in cattle diagnosed?

A

Fecal flotation to detect oocysts

125
Q

How is Eimeria spp in cattle treated and prevented?

A
  • coccidiasis is inevitable –immunity

* coccidiosis is preventable –hygiene, coccidiostats

126
Q

How many species of Eimeria spp are found in sheep and goats?

A

Sheep - 11

Goats - 9

127
Q

What is the site of infection of Eimeria spp in sheep and goats?

A

Small and large intestines

128
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by Eimeria spp in cattle?

A
  • Inflammatory changes
  • Disruption of mucosa
  • Diarrhea – putty-like to watery to bloody (E. ovinoidalis)
  • Leads to dehydration and weakness
  • Severity related to species, parasite density and number of cells affected
129
Q

What are outbreaks of Eimeria spp in sheep and goats associated with?

A
  • Lambs 1-3 months old
  • Lot-fed animals
  • Irrigated pastures
  • Corralling
  • Stress – transportation, temperature changes
130
Q

How is Eimeria spp diagnosed in sheep and goats?

A
  • History
  • Clinical signs
  • Fecal flotation to detect oocysts
  • Sporulation for species
131
Q

How is Eimeria spp treated and prevented in sheep and goats?

A
  • Coccidiasis is inevitable
  • Coccidiosis is preventable
  • Anticoccidial therapy for clinical cases
  • Supportive therapy when needed
  • Coccidiostats (feed-lots)
132
Q

How is Eimeria leukarti identified?

A

Oval oocyst, 80 x 60um
Thick, dark shell and distinct micropyle
Shell can come off

133
Q

What is the PPP of Eimeria leukarti? How many phases does it have?

A

15 days - 3 phases

134
Q

What are the three phases of Eimeria leukarti?

A

1) sporulation
2) Asexual reproduction: infection and schizogony
3) Sexual reproduction: gametogony and oocyst formation

135
Q

What is the general life cycle of Eimeria?

A

Sporulated oocyst (exogenous) -> ingested -> excystation of oocyst (endogenous) -> merogony -> gametogony -> fertilization -> excretion -> Unsporulated oocyst (exogenous)

136
Q

What is the site of infection of Eimeria leukarti?

A

small intestine

137
Q

What pathogenesis and lesions are caused by Eimeria leukarti?

A

inflammatory changes in mucosa

Disruption of villous architecture

138
Q

What clinical signs are caused by Eimeria leukarti?

A

intermittent diarrhea

139
Q

What age of animal is most susceptible to Eimeria leukarti?

A

foals

140
Q

How is Eimeria leukarti diagnosed?

A

heavy oocysts difficult to float -> sugar flotation or specific sedimentation techniques used

141
Q

How is Eimeria leukarti treated and prevented?

A

Antiprotozoals (sulpha-drugs) appear to help

Supportive therapy

142
Q

What are the hosts of Avian Eimeria spp?

A

Chickens, turkeys, ducks

143
Q

How is Avian Eimeria spp identified?

A

Descriptions of oocysts are insufficient for species diagnosis

144
Q

What are the sites of infection of Avian Eimeria spp?

A

small and large intestine

145
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by Avian Eimeria spp?

A
  • Bloody droppings, dehydration
  • E. tenella most pathogenic species in young chicks
  • High death rate
  • Recovered birds may be chronically ill due to persistent core of clotted blood in cecum
146
Q

What are some general characteristics of Eimeria tenella?

A
  • parasite of chickens
  • live in epithelium of intestinal ceca
  • leading a high mortality rate in young birds
  • large expenditures worldwide (millions)
147
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions and clinical signs are caused by Eimeria tenella?

A
  • bloody diarrhea
  • Sloughing of epithelium
  • Plugged cecum due to clotted blood and cell debris, causing necrosis -> hemorrhaging into cecal pouches
148
Q

How is Eimeria tenella prevented?

A
  • prophylaxis using coccidiostates in food or water

- Vaccines, effective with species specificity

149
Q

How is Eimeria spp Diagnosed?

A
  • Necropsy examination
  • Location of lesions indicitive of species
  • E. tenella in ceca
  • E. necatrix in small intestine
  • E. brunetti in ileum, cecum, rectum
150
Q

What species of interest are found in the Order Sarcocystiidae?

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystis spp.
Sarcoystis neurona
Neospora spp

151
Q

Where are Eucoccidiorida species of parasites usually found?

A

epithelial cells - sexual and asexual reproduction occurs here too!

152
Q

Which stages of Eucoccidiorida parasites generally cause damage?

A

Asexual stages

153
Q

What are the hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

cats and other felids

154
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

humans, warm blodded animals

155
Q

How is toxoplasma gondii identified?

A

oocysts in fecal examination of cat

156
Q

How big are the eggs of toxoplasma gondii?

A

small

157
Q

How does a cat become infected by Toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • ** cats eating infected animals (rodents)

- Direct transmission of oocysts

158
Q

How does a human become infected with toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • foodborne
  • Animal to human
  • Mother to child (pregnant women should not empty litter boxes)
159
Q

What is the site of infection of toxoplasma gondii?

A

both intestinal and extraintestinal cells (muscle, liver, brain, etc.

160
Q

Which parasite are pregnant women in danger of getting if they clean the litter box of an infected cat?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

161
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions and clinical signs are caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • most animals asymptomatic but clinical disease does occur in cats
  • depends on organs involved and extent of cells infected
  • Acute toxoplasmosis
  • Severe seen with FIV
162
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?

A

oocysts in cat feces. Serological tests are modified direct agglutination, ELISA and IFA

  • Cats develop immunity after initial infection and shed once once in a lifetime - for 1-2 weeks
  • Important cause of abortion in ewes and perinatal mortality
  • Tachyzoites likely to be present in brain and placenta
163
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii treated and prevented?

A
  • humans should avoid contact with feces from felid host
  • Humans should avoid undercooked meat from intermediate host
  • Pregnant women avoid contact with sources of oocyst
  • Nonsulfonamides and sulfonamides are used
  • live vaccine available for sheep outside US
164
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions and clinical signs are caused by Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats?

A
  • distinct white foci on aborted fetuses and aborted placenta
  • inheavy infections, areas of necrosis in vital organs (myocardium, lungs, liver, brain)
165
Q

What are the hosts of Sarcocystis spp?

A

dogs, cats, humans, carnivores, and birds

166
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Sarcoystis spp?

A

cattle, herbivores, omnivores, birds, several species zoonotic

167
Q

How is Sarcocystis spp identified?

A
  • oocysts with 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites
  • Individual sporocysts often observed
  • Oocysts 18um
  • Sporocysts with four sporozoites
168
Q

What is the infective stage for the final host (Sarcocystis spp)?

A

sarcocystis with bradyzoites

169
Q

What is the PPP of sarcocystis spp?

A

7-14 days, sporocysts released 1wk - several months

170
Q

What is the infective stage for the intermediate host (sarcocystis spp)?

A

Sporocyst

171
Q

What stage of sarcocystis spp can be found in muscle?

A

sporocyst to bradyzoites (2-3mo, up to 12mo) in intermediate host

172
Q

What are the sites of infection of sarcocystis spp?

A

Muscles in intermediate host.

Sporocysts in gastro-intestinal tract of final host

173
Q

What clinical signs are caused by sarcocystis spp?

A

No illness in final host.

Fatal disease in intermediate herbivore host. Abortion may result

174
Q

How is sarcocystis spp diagnosed?

A

Sporocysts in final host.

Bradyzoites in muscle tissue of intermediate host

175
Q

How is sarcocystis spp treated and prevented?

A

Avoid raw meat and prevent fecal contamination

176
Q

What is the common name of sarcocystis neurona?

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)

177
Q

What are the hosts of sarcocystis neurona?

A
  • Definitive host – opossum
  • Intermediate host – cats, striped skunks, armadillos, fishers, raccoons, etc
  • Accidental (aberrant) host - horse
178
Q

What is the PPP of sarcocystis neurona?

A

7-14 days

179
Q

What happens in the aberrant host of sarcocystis neurona?

A

• Schizonts develop in horse’s neurons, not in muscle cells

180
Q

What pathogenesis and lesions are caused by sarcocystis neurona?

A
  • Final host - non-pathogenic
  • Intermediate host - pathogenic effect due to 2nd stage schizogony in vascular endothelium
  • Accidental host - pathogenic due to 3rd stage schizogony in nervous tissue rather than muscle
181
Q

What clinical signs are caused by sarcocystis neurona in horses?

A

• A progressively debilitating disease affecting the CNS, brain, brainstem, and spinal cord

  • Unusual or atypical lameness, or seizures
  • Difficulty with standing, walking or swallowing
  • May progress very rapidly
  • muscle atrophy
182
Q

How is sarcocystis neurona diagnosed?

A 
Antemortem:
• Clinical signs
• Western blotting, 14, 13 and 3 kDa
• PCR – CSF
Postmortem:
• Histopathological demonstration of S. neurona in CNS
183
Q

How is sarcocystis neurona treated and prevented?

A

• Opossum control critical –prevent opossums defecating where horses are fed
• Antiprotozoals can rid horse of Sarcocystis neurona organisms, but CNS damage may remain
- Applied as quick as possible once diagnosed -> A successful recovery in 70-75% horses
-Sulfadiazine
- pyrimethamine
- Nitazoxanide

184
Q

What are the hosts of neospora spp?

A
  • final hosts - dogs, other canids?

* intermediate hosts - dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, other species?

185
Q

How is neospora identified?

A

• oocysts 12 μm, colorless

186
Q

What are some important characteristics of the life cycle of neospora spp? (+ infective stages)

A

• gametogony in dog
• sporulated oocysts ingested by intermediate host (including dog), excyst and enter cells extraintestinally
- most infections in cattle and dogs occur transplacentally (tachyzoites)
- bradyzoites in cysts (in neural cells) - infective stage for the final hosts
- sporulated oocyst - infective stage for the intermediate hosts

187
Q

How can neospora spp be transmitted?

A

Per os

Transplacentally

188
Q

What are the sites of infection of neospora spp?

A
  • final host - intestine

* intermediate host - many types of cells, predilection site CNS

189
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions and clinical signs are caused by neospora spp?

A
  • cells of CNS, heart, muscle, liver, kidney, all other organs
  • tachyzoites causes cells to die
  • abortion in cattle at 3-9 mo pregnancy; most 4-6 mo
  • foetus: brain most consistently affected and encephalitis most common lesion
190
Q

How is neospora spp diagnosed?

A
  • serology on serum and CSF
  • samples of tissues at necropsy
  • differentiation T. gondii and Sarcocystis spp.
191
Q

How is neospora spp treated and prevented?

A
  • no drugs effective against cysts in cattle
  • prevent contact with feces from infected dogs
  • good hygiene
  • dispose of aborted fetuses
  • vaccinate healthy cows in first trimester to reduce abortion
192
Q

What are the hosts of cryptosporidium spp?

A

• wide range of vertebrate hosts
• cross infection among host species
- C. hominis infects humans, not cattle or other animals.
- C. parvum infects calves (

193
Q

How is cryptosporidium spp identified?

A

• oocysts 4-8 µm, transparent
• similar to other coccidia except
→ small and at the microvillar surface of epithelial cells
→ neonatal or young animals

194
Q

How is cryptosporidium spp transmitted?

A
  • direct
  • autoinfection
  • ingestion
  • inhalation
195
Q

What are the sites of infection of cryptosporidium spp?

A
  • epithelial cells of digestive tract

* respiratory tract

196
Q

What pathogenesis, lesions, and clinical signs are caused by cryptosporidium spp?

A
  • may be inapparent
  • diarrhea
  • immunocompromised patients at high risk
197
Q

How is cryptosporidium spp diagnosed?

A
  • oocysts in fecal slides: direct smear with stain or concentrated sugar flotation
  • acid fast stains such as Ziehl-Neelsen stains parasite red
  • ELISA for detection of specific antigens
  • IFA
198
Q

How is cryptosporidium spp treated and prevented?

A
  • none
  • supportive therapy
  • use filters with 4 µm aperture
  • sanitation
199
Q

What are the hosts of hepatozoon spp?

A

Dogs

200
Q

How is hepatozoon spp identified?

A

Gamonts in blood cells

201
Q

What are the sites of infection of hepatozoon spp?

A

Schizonts: in various tissues.
Gamonts: circulating white blood cells

202
Q

What clinical signs are caused by hepatozoon spp?

A

H. canis –subclinical infection.

H. americanum – severe disease; joint pain, myositis

203
Q

How is hepatozoon spp diagnosed?

A

Parasites in peripheral blood.

Examination of muscle tissue at biopsy or necropsy

204
Q

How is hepatozoon spp treated and prevented?

A

No satisfactory treatment

Tick control

205
Q

What is a carrier for hepatozoon spp?

A

Amblyomma spp.

Tick (arthropod)

206
Q

What are the hosts of Babesia canis?

A

Dogs

207
Q

How is Babesia canis identified?

A

Trophozoites in red blood cells

208
Q

What is a carrier for Babesia canis?

A

Ticks

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

209
Q

What clinical signs are caused by Babesia canis?

A

Depression, anorexia, anemia, splenomegaly

Parasitology (6 decks)

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