The individual analysis and motivation

Question 1

Age (3)

Answer 1

• seniors: over 45, 50, 65 definition varies and is changing.
• baby boomers: born 1945-1964, implications for future tourism.
• youth travel: under 35

Question 2

Nationality (1)

Answer 2

• counter argument that nationality and stereotyping exist in tourism practice, and have to be careful when using it.

Question 3

Gender (1)

Answer 3

E.g. Female business women, and studies in airlines and hotels - women only floors.

Question 4

Sexual preferences (2)

Answer 4

E.g. Gay tourism

- the rise of queer theory: an approach to offer all sexual orientations fair treatment and dignity.

Question 5

Combining variables (2)

Answer 5

• an integrate model of tourist characteristics is needed because these individual variables interact with each other which totally changes the analysis.
• this approach generates an ordering of people in a setting with a more psychographic profile:
  > extreme enthusiasts
  > casual enthusiasts
  > partly interested
  > slightly interested
  > indifferent
  > hostile

Question 6

Motivations (3)

Answer 6

• definition: the total network of biological and cultural forces which give value and direction to travel choice, behaviour and experience.
• motives energise and generate behaviour
• push factors are the internal drivers and the pull factor is the destination.

Question 7

Motivation and other concepts (4)

Answer 7

• travel motivations are not fixed or static parts of a person but will change with travel experiences, social context and the life span.
• values; benefits; needs, drives, forces instincts

Question 8

Travel career ladder (2)

Answer 8

• attempted to combine the idea that tourists had a career in travel using the motivational framework Maslow hierarchy of needs.
• has evolved into a better version are known as the travel career pattern. The emphasis on the Maslow ladder is replaced by a new structure of three layers of importance of travel motives.

Question 9

Travel career pattern motives (3 layers)

Answer 9

1) core motives:
- always important: novelty, escape/relax, relationships.
2) middle layer motives
- moderately important: nature, self development, self actualisation.
3) outer layer motives
- less important: isolation, social status, romance.

Question 10

Explaining the TCP approach (3)

Answer 10

• a pattern or mix of motives which defines the push motivation for an individual.
• the central layer is common to all travellers.
• middle and outer laters are less important. Has intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Question 11

5 individual analysis variables

Answer 11

1) age
2) nationality
3) gender
4) sexual preferences
5) combining the variables