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Pathology Post Midterm > Module 8: PEDS: Jaundice, SIDS, Infections, CF,PKU, Gala, Dubin and Rotor > Flashcards

Module 8: PEDS: Jaundice, SIDS, Infections, CF,PKU, Gala, Dubin and Rotor Flashcards

1
Q

What is the value for neonatal jaundice?

A

Greater than 5mg/dl bilirubin

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2
Q

What is physiological jaundice?

A

Increased unconjugated bilirubin during 1st week of life

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3
Q

What is phase I and phase II physiological jaundice?

A

Phase I: lasts 5 days in term infants and 7 days in preterm infants (Serum bilirubin = 12-15mg/dl)
Phase II: decreased serum bilirubin lasts for 2 weeks (normal adult values are reached)

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4
Q

What is pathological jaundice?

A

Clinical jaundice appearing in 1st 24 hours, total bilirubin greater than 15mg/dl and conjugated bilirubin greater than 2mg/dl

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5
Q

There are two types of pathological jaundice, Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. First we will discuss Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, now there are three different types. The first is fetomaternal blood group incompatibility, what are some features?

A

Also called hemolytic disease of the newborn

  • –erythroblastosis fetalis, most common antigens: Rh and ABO blood antigens
  • -Extent of hemolytic disease varies: death in utero, hydrops fetalis (hepatosplenomegaly and erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow) and Kernicterus (increased unconjugated bilirubin due to immature neurons of CNS)
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6
Q

How is the dx made and what is the treatment and prevention of fetomaternal blood group incompatibility?

A

Dx: high level of bilirubin on aminocentesis and Coombs test positive on fetal cord blood
Tx: exchange transfusion and phototherapy
Prevention: human anti D globulin within 72 hours of delivery

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7
Q

The second type of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is crigler-najjar syndrome type I, what are the features?

A

Complete absence of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity — unremitting unconjugated bilirubinemia — bilirubin encephalopathy

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8
Q

The third type of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is crigler-najjar syndrome type II, what are some features?

A

Partial decreased in UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity so treat with phenobarbital
(enzyme that converts unconjuated to conjugated bilirubin)

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9
Q

Now the next type of pathological jaundice is conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, caused by two different pathologies. each card will go through one. The first is biliary atresia, what are some features?

A

Complete obstruction of the lumen of the extrahepatic biliary tree within first 3 months of life — chronic cholestasis, marked bile ductular proliferation and portal tract edema and fibrosis

  • -most common indication of liver transplant in this age group
  • -embryonic/fetal type: due to aberrant intrauterine development of extrahepatic biliary tree
  • -perinatal type: normally developed biliary tree is destroyed by virus after birth (Viral hepatitis)
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10
Q

The second cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in kids is idiopathic neonatal hepatitis, what are some features?

A

Excluded known associated factors (alpha 1 antitrypsin, extrahepatic biliary atresia and infectious agents)

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11
Q

Next topic is SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome. What is it?

A

Sudden death of an infant under 1 year which is unexplained after a thorough case investigation which includes a complete autopsy, examination of death scene and thorough review of clinical history

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12
Q

What are the associated risk factors of SIDS?

A

In 75% of SIDS cases there is NO associated risk factors

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis for SIDS?

A

Prolonged spell of apnea, followed by cardiac arrhythmia, in susceptible infant

  • multiple petechiae in thymus, pleura and epicardium
  • -congestion of lungs
  • -hypoplasia of arcuate nucleus in the brainstem and decrease in brainstem neurons (gliosis of the brainstem)
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14
Q

What are differential diagnosis for SIDS?

A

Infection: viral myocarditis
Unsuspected congenital anomaly: anomalous origin of coronary artery from pulmonary artery
Child Abuse
Genetic/Metabolic defects: long QT syndrome, fatty acid oxidation disorders, histiocytoid cardiomyopathy

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15
Q

What are parental risk factors for SIDS??

A 
Young maternal age 
Smoking 
Drugs 
Late or no prenatal care 
Low income 
Black or American Indian
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16
Q

What are infant risk factors for SIDS?

A

Brain stem abnormality associated with defective arousal/cardiorespiratory control
Prematurity and or low birth weight
Male sex
Product of multiple birth
SIDS in sibling
Antecedent resp infections
Germline polymorphisms in autonomic nervous system genes

17
Q

What are environmental risk factors for SIDS?

A

Prone sleep position
Sleeping on a soft surface
Hyperthermia
Sleeping with the parents the first 3 months

18
Q

Moving on to intrauterine and perinatal infections, what are the ones ascending from vagina and cervix?

A

Most bacterial + herpes simplex via inhalation of infected amniotic fluid or passage through birth canal
–fetal infections: chorioamnionitis, funisitis, pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis

19
Q

What are the hematogenous infections dissemination from the placenta?

A

TORCH infections, congenital syphilis, parvo B19 and HIV

  • -TORCH: toxo, others (Syphilis, L. monocytogenes, adenovirus, varicella, enterovirus), Rubella, CMV, Herpes Simplex
  • TORCH manifestions: SGA infants, CNS changes, chorioretinitis, pneumonitis, petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, and osteomyelitis
20
Q

What are the affects on the infant of Rubella infection in the 1st trimester?

A

TORCH manifestations + ocular lesions + cardiac lesions

21
Q

What are other intrauterine and perinatal infections?

A

maternal to fetal transfusion at delivery (Hep B and HIV)
direct contact at birth
from the environment post partum
accidental introduction in amniocentesis

22
Q

Moving on to cystic fibrosis, what is this?

A

AR disorder of exocrine glands characterized by:

  • chronic pulmonary disease
  • -pancreatic insufficiency (chronic pancreatitis)
  • -inspissaed mucus in small intestine (meconium ileus)
  • -liver (focal biliary cirrhosis)
  • –reproductive tract (azoospermia and infertility due to obstruction of the vas deferns and epididymis)
23
Q

What population does cystic fibrosis affect?

A

Most common lethal genetic disease that affects White people

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis for cystic fibrosis?

A

Absence of CFTR due to loss of phenylalanine residue at amino acid position 508 on chromosome 7 – defect in phosphorylation of CFTR by PKA

  • -In sweat gland: increased chloride and sodium concentration in sweat
  • -in the airway: increased sodium and water reabsorption leads to dehydration of the mucus layer
25
Q

What is the presentation for CF?

A 
Foul smelling steatorrhea 
Malnutrition 
Nasal polyps 
Failure to thrive 
Infections: chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and lung absces 
Atelectasis 
Emphysema
26
Q

How is the diagnosis made for CF?

A

Pilocarpine sweat test: severe variant : chloride greater than 60mEq/L

27
Q

What is seen on chest xray for CF?

A

Cystic spaces and increased bronchial markings

28
Q

Moving on to PKU (phenylketonuria), what are some features?

A

Abnormal metabolism of phenylalanine
–AR disorder characterized by progressive mental retardation due to deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase – hyperphenylalaninemia and formation of phenylketones

29
Q

What is the presentation for a patient with PKU?

A

Hyperphenylalaninemia: irreversible brain damage (low IQ)
Decreased Melanin: fair skin, blond hair and blue eyes
Phenylketones: mousey odor of urine

30
Q

What is the tx for PKU?

A

Restriction of phenylalanine in the diet

31
Q

Moving on to Galactosemia, what are some features?

A

AR deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (catalyzes galactose — glucose)

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Galactosemia?

A

Infants fed formula milk — hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, hypoglycemia, cataracts and mental retardation
–extensive fat accumulation in the liver and marked bile ductal proliferation, cholestasis and fibrosis – can progress to cirrhosis in a few months

33
Q

What is the treatment for galactosemia?

A

Galactose-free diet

34
Q

Moving on to Dubin-Johnson Syndrome, what are some features?

A

AR recessive disease characterized by chronic or intermittent jaundice + black liver

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Dubin-Johnson Syndrome?

A

Defective transport of conjugated bilirubin from hepatocytes to canalicular lumen and defect in hepatic excretion of coproporphyrins
-EM: pigment in lysosomes composed of polymers of epinephrine metabolites

36
Q

What is the presentation for Dubin-Johnson syndrome/

A

Asymptomatic except mild intermittent jaundice

37
Q

Finally what is Rotor syndrome?

A

Familial conjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to defect in excretion of conjugated bilirubin into the biliary canaliculi with the bilirubin being absorbed into the blood
–low grade pigment deposition, dissociation of liver cells, occasional necrotic foci, and fibrin percipitation

38
Q

What is the presentation for Rotor Syndrome?

A

Jaundice
Intermittent Gastric Discomfort and Abdominal Pain
Fever

Pathology Post Midterm (50 decks)

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