Unit I Flashcards
1
Q
pharmacology
A
- affect on living tissues
- science that incorporates several areas
- part of the nursing responsibility: the 3 checks, education
- study of the origin and nature of drugs
2
Q
chemical name
A
- meaning of the chemist
- exact placement of atoms or atomic groups
- Acetylsalicylic acid
- Ascurbic acid
- Sucrose
3
Q
Generic/Official Name
A
- non-proprietary
- simpler than the chemical name
- may be used in all countries by any manufacturer
- is not capitalized
- usually less expensive than the brand name
1. acetaminophne
2. carafate
3. haldol
4
Q
Trade/Brand Name
A
- proprietary
- registered symbol
- name restricted to the use if the manufacturer who is the legal owner of the name
- usually easier to spell, pronounce, and remember than the generic name
- the first letter of the name is capitalized
1. Celebrex
2. Rocephin
3. Xanax
5
Q
Legend Drugs
A
- drugs obtained w/ a prescription
- have an intended use
- need to be educated by nursing staff
6
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
- study of what actually happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the time all of it and its metabolites have left the body
- describes the movement through the body
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion
7
Q
4 Major Sources of Drugs
A
- vegetables/plants
- animal
- insulin
- thyroid
- mineral or natural
- calcium
- synthetic (man-made)
- birth control pills
- antibiotics
8
Q
Absorption
A
- describes the rate a drug leave its site of administration and the extent to whicj it occurs
- bioavailability-drug is available once it’s in your system
- extent of drug absorption
- the proportion of the drug that produces systematic effect
- if absorbed in intestine some of the drug will be inactivated before it reaches systematic circulation. Then its bioavailability is less than 100%
- if administered I.V. bioavailability is 100%
- if 2 drugs have the same bioavailability they are said to be bioequivalent
9
Q
factors affecting absorption
A
- route
- parenteral-administered drug through a needle
- I.V., I.M, subq.-insulin, heperin
- inhalation-breathing treatment
- enteral-through G.I. tract
- tablets, capsules, pills
- topical-creams, steroids, paste
- ointments, paste, gel
- food/fluids given with drug
- rate of flow to intestine
- G.I. mobility
10
Q
Distribution
A
-carried from its site if absorption to its site(s) of action
11
Q
Metabolism
A
- biotransformation
- drug must become soluble in water
- the liver does most of the biotransformation
- factors influence or alter
- cardiovascular disease
- hepatic disease
- renal disease
12
Q
Extraction
A
- elimination of the drug from the body
- kidney does most of the elimination
- half-life
- the time it takes for 1/2 of the original amount of the drug in the body to be removed
13
Q
Pharmacodynamics
A
- the study of the mechanism of drug actions in living tissue
- 3 mechanisms of action
1. receptor interaction
2. enzyme interaction
3. nonspecific interaction
14
Q
Receptor Interaction
A
- agonist-works with
- drug binds, response
- antagonist-works against
- drug binds, no response
- prevents binding of agonist
- affinity
- degree to which a drug attaches and binds w/ a receptor (fit)
- synergistic-the same
15
Q
Enzyme Interaction
A
- fools body into binding w/ the medication rather than the target cells
- angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) causes an enzyme reaction which results in release of Angiotensin II which is potent vasoconstrictor
- medications like ACE inhibitors fool ACE to bind w/ it instead
16
Q
Non-Specific Interaction
A
- involve altering cell membranes
- antibiotics
17
Q
Factors which impact the effect of drug therapy
A
- age
- weight
- tolerance
- decreasing response to a repeated drug dose
- dependence
- physiological or psychological need for a drug
- synergistic effect
- when 2 drugs w/ different mechanisms of action produce greater effects that when taken alone
- additive effect
- the increase in effect when 2 drugs w/ similar pharmacological actions are taken
- cumulative effect
- a drug is excreted more slowly that it is absorbed
- antagonist effect
- drug binds to receptor, inhibits activity at the receptor site
- incompatibility
- usually used to describe parenteral drugs. When 2 drugs are mixed together and the result is a deterioration of one or both of the drugs
18
Q
Types of Therapy
A
- acute therapy
- to sustain life
- maintenance therapy
- prevent progression of a disease or condition
- supplemental therapy
- replacement to maintain normal functioning
- palliative therapy
- to make comfortable
- supportive therapy
- maintain integrity of body functions while recovering
- prophylactic therapy
- to prevent illness
- diagnostic therapy
19
Q
Pharcognosy
A
- study of drugs derived from natural sources
- 4 major sources of drugs
1. plants - digitalis-wild flower, purple foxglove
2. animal - insulin-thyroid
3. mineral - calcium
4. synthetic
20
Q
5 rights to drug administration
A
- right patient
- right drug
- right time
- right route
- right dose
21
Q
Drug Legislation
A
- Pure Food and Drug Act
- established USP and NF as official standards
- set standards for proper drug labeling
- Harrison Narcotic Act
- defined term narcotic
- regulated and restricted importation, manufacture, sale, or use of opium, cocaine, marijuana, and other drugs likely to produce dependence
- Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
- required drug to be demonstrated safe
- added homeipathic pharmacoporia of the U.S. as the third standard for drugs
- Durham-Humphrey Amendment
- designated certain drugs (must be marked “caution federal law prohibits dispensing w/ out prescription”)
- restricted right of pharmacist to distribute legend drugs
- Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (or Controlled Substance Act)
- defined drug dependency and drug addiction
- classified drugs according to abuse potential and medical usefulness
- established methods for regulating manufacturer, distribution, and a sac of controlled substances
- established education and treatment programs for drug abuse
