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Histology (Fall) > Unit 3 hormones > Flashcards

Unit 3 hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Growth hormone

A

Type: Protein
Aka: somatotropic hormone, STH, GH
Secreted by: Somatotropes (1 of 2 acidophils) in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland.
Function: Encourage normal growth of bone and cartilage by stimulating cell division or enlargement. In the lactating cow will direct nutrients of the body towards milk production.

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2
Q

Prolactin

A

Type: Protein
Secreted by: Lactotropes (aka Luteotropes, 1 of 2 acidophils) in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland
Function: Promote mammary gland development during pregnancy and promote lactation after pregnancy. Also promotes secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum of the ovary and important in the maintenance of lactation.

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3
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Type: Glycoprotein
Secreted by: Thyrotropes (1 of 3 basophils) of the pars distalis of the pituitary gland.
Function: Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones and follicular cell hypertrophy.

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4
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Type: Glycoprotein
Secreted by: Gonadotropes (1 of 3 basophils) of the pars distalis of the pituitary gland
Function: Promotes growth of ovarian follicles (female) or spermatogenesis/sertoli cell production of androgen binding proteins (male).

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5
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Type: Glycoprotein
Aka: Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
Secreted by: Gonadotropes (1 of 3 basophils) of the pars distalis of the pituitary gland.
Function: Assists FSH in follicles reaching maturation and ovulation and promotes formation of a corpora lute after ovulation (female) or stimulates interstitial cells of Leydig to secrete testosterone in the testes (male).

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6
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Type: Polypeptide
Secreted by: Corticotropes (1 of 3 basophils) of the pars distalis of the pituitary gland.
Function: Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex.

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7
Q

Hormones secreted by the pars distalis of the pituitary (6)

A 
GH
Prolactin
TSH
FSH
Luteinizing hormone
ACTH
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8
Q

Regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus (5)

A 
Corticotropin releasing hormone (^ACTH)
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (^TSH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (^GH)
Somatostatin (decrease GH)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (^LH and FSH)
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9
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin

A

Secreted by: A cells of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland.
Function: Cleaved into 1. melanocyte stimulating hormone, 2. corticotropin-like peptide, and 3. beta-endorphin (opiate-like peptide).

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10
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

Made by: Melanotropes in the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland cleaving pro-opiomelanocortin (from the A-cells).
Function: Skin darkening in amphibians, changing melanin dispersal in mammals (especially in those that change from a winter to a summer coat).

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11
Q

Corticotropin-like peptide hormone

A

Made by: A cells of the pars intermeidia cleave from pro-opiomelanocortin and produce the precursor.

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12
Q

Beta-endorphin hormone

A

Opiate-like hormone cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin.

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13
Q

Oxytocin

A

Type: Polypeptide hormone
Secreted by: Formed by the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and then transported via neurophysin/hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract to the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland where it is secreted into the inferior hypophyseal arteries.
Function: Milk let down by stimulating the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the ducts and alveoli of the mammary glands, as well as stimulating contractions of uterine musculature (female). Causes contraction of smooth muscle in the testes/epididymus (male).

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14
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Type: Polypeptide hormone
Secreted by: Formed by the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, then transported via neurophysin/hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland where it is secreted into the inferior hypophyseal arteries.
Function: Promotes water reabsorption from the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney to raise blood pressure. Does this by making the distal 1/3 of the convoluted tubules more permeable of water (with fusion of vesicles that contain water pores to the apical surface of the cells).

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15
Q

Melatonin

A

Secreted by: Pinealocytes of the pineal gland. Pathway is inhibited by light. When light does not reach the retina the pathway is turned on.
Function: Dependent on species may have gonadotropic or antigonadotropic activity creating “short day” or “long day” breeders. This is caused by the stimulation or inhibition of GnRH in the hypothalamus.

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16
Q

T3 and T4

A

Active thyroid hormones.
Secreted by: The follicular cells of the thyroid gland in response to FSH from the pituitary. Have a negative feedback loop with the pituitary once released.
Function: Increase metabolic rate (thus increasing the oxygen consumption of the tissues). Also helps in lactation in cattle.

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17
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by: Parafollicular cells within the thyroid gland
Function: Prevents postprandial (after meal) hypercalcemia and prevents excessive bone loss during pregnancy. Essentially, keeps blood calcium low by decreasing osteoclastic activities and reducing Ca2+ resorption by the kidneys.
Release stimulated by: estrogen, cholecystokinin, glucagon, or gastrin.

18
Q

Parathormone

A

Aka: parathyroid hormone
Secreted by: Chief cells of the parathyroid gland.
Function: Opposite of calcitonin. In low doses - promotes bone formation and in hight doses increases calcium levels in bodily fluids by indirectly accelerating osteolysis and increasing calcium resorption by the kidneys.

19
Q

Aldosterone

A

Type of mineralocorticoid.
Secreted by: cells of the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex (outer of three layers)
Function: Promotes sodium reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate in the distal tubules of the kidney via sodium/potassium and sodium/hydrogen pumps. Will cause an increase in blood pressure.

20
Q

Cortisol

A

Type of glucocorticoid.
Secreted by: cells of the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex (middle of three layers) and some by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex.
Function: Stimulate gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. These also have a very strong negative feedback loop with ACTH so must be very careful to wean off with artificial corticosteroids or will cause a crash.

21
Q

Testosterone

A

Type of androgen.
Secreted by: some cells of the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and the interstitial cells of Leydig. Secreted by cells of the theca internal in the female.
Functions:
1. Promote Sertoli cell growth in the fetus and neonate
2. Promote libido, growth/maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
3. Promote function of accessory genital glands.
4. With FSH, stimulate sertoli cell proliferation and spermatogenesis in the non-neonate.
5. Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of myoid cells.

22
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Secreted by: The norepinephrine cells of the adrenal medulla. Mostly in the inner medulla or may be randomly distributed throughout.
Function: Increase force and rate of cardiac contraction. Mobilizes free fatty acids. Vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure.

23
Q

Epinephrine

A

Secreted by: Epinephrine cells of the adrenal medulla. Mostly in the outer medulla or may be randomly distributed throughout.
Function: Increase heart rate and cardiac output. Dilates vessels in muscle, elevates blood sugar via glycogenolysis, breaks down lipids to mobilize free fatty acids.

24
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by: alpha cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas.
Function: Increase the blood glucose concentration of the blood when too low.

25
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by: beta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas.
Function: Decrease the blood glucose concentration of the blood when too high. Also helps with lactations in the non-ruminants.

26
Q

Somatostatin

A

Secreted by: delta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas.
Function: Inhibit glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide secretion.

27
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide

A

Secreted by: F cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas.
Function: Stimulates gastric secretions and inhibits intestinal mobility and bile secretion.

28
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by: Enteroendocrine cells of the pylorus

Function: Increase gastric secretions

29
Q

Secretin

A

Secreted by: Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine

Function: Increase pancreatic, duodenal, bile, bicarbonate, and water secretions.

30
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Secreted by: Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine

Function: Increase pancreatic enzyme secretions and gall bladder contraction.

31
Q

Renin

A

Secreted by: Juxtoglomerular cells
Function: To maintain blood pressure. Helps convert angiotensin from the liver to angiotensin II which will cause a great deal of vasoconstriction.

32
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Secreted by: Endothelial cells of the peritubular capillaries
Function: To stimulate production of red blood cells. In response to decreased PO2 of tissues.

33
Q

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

A

Secreted by: Sertoli cells

Function: Suppresses development of uterine horns, uterus, and vagina in the male.

34
Q

Estrogen

A

Secreted by: Converted from testosterone by Sertoli cells in the male, and granulosa cells in the female. Also secreted by the placenta.
Function:
*to help end the progesterone block late in gestation to help in parturition
*governs the estrous cycle (most prevalent in estrus and second most prevalent in proestrus)
* influences the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

35
Q

Inhibin

A

Secreted by: Sertoli cells in the male and granulosa cells in the female.
Function: Suppress the synthesis and releasee of FSH in the pituitary gland, and suppresses release of GnRH in hypothalamus.

36
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by: Lutein cells in the corpus luteum of the ovary and the placenta during late gestation (including trophoblastic giant cells in the ruminant)
Function:
*Stimulates development of the uterine glands
*Inhibits uterine motility
*Renders endometrium receptive to the implantation of the fertilized ovum
*Promotes thickening of the cervical mucus to cervical plug to keep microbes out of the uterus
*Enhances development of the mammary glands
When from the placenta:
*Creates a “progesterone block” that maintains pregnancy

37
Q

Relaxin

A

Secreted by: Lutein cells in the corpus luteum of the ovary and the placenta in late gestation.
Function:
*Increases responsiveness to insulin during the first trimester
* May play a part with progesterone in maintaining pregnancy
* Late in pregnancy promotes the dilation of the cervix and in some species loosens the symphysis pelvis.

38
Q

Progestins

A

Secreted by: Interstitial endocrine cells of the ovary

Progesterone like hormones

39
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Secreted by : the placenta during late gestation (including trophoblastic giant cells in ruminant placentas)
Function: to help estrogen remove the progesterone block during late gestation and assist with parturition.

40
Q

Placental lactogen

A

Ruminants only
Secreted by: Trophoblastic giant cells of the placenta (that have migrated into the maternal epithelium by the time that they are active).
Function:
*contributes to mammogenesis
*has GH effects
*regulates the transport of nutrients to the fetus

41
Q

Protein B

A

Ruminants only
Secreted by: Trophoblastic giant cells of the placenta (that have migrated into the maternal epithelium by the time that they are active).
Function: Helps maternal systems recognize pregnancy to prevent the destruction of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy.

42
Q

Equine chorionic gonadotropin

A

Secreted by: endometrial cups (from trophoblast cells) of the equine placenta (but found in maternal endometrium when active)
Function: increase FH/LSH activity to increase the progesterone secretion of the primary CL and also to encourage the development of a secondary CL which will also secrete progesterone.

Histology (Fall) (3 decks)

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