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Lukes flash cards > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Hypothesis: Living organisms arise from intimate material.

A

Spontaneous generation

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2
Q

Name the Hypothesis: 13.7 Billion years ago, a dense mass of matter exploded and created atoms.

A

Big Bang.

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3
Q

Name the Hypothesis: the solar system was formed from large cloud gases and elements formed from previously existing stars

A

Solar Nubular

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4
Q

Name the hypothesis: Life came from other planets

A

Extraterrestrial

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5
Q

Name the Hypothesis: key organic molecules originated from deep-sea vents

A

Deep-Sea Vent hypothesis

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6
Q

Name the Hypothesis: Humans, life, the earth,and/or the universe were created by a supreme being.

A

Creationism

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7
Q

What stage of the 4 overlapping stages hypothesis: Nucleotides and amino acids were produced prior to the existence of cells

A

Stage 1

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8
Q

What stage of the 4 overlapping stages hypothesis: Nucleotides become polymerized to form RNA and DNA, and amino acids become polymerized to form proteins.

A

Stage 2

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9
Q

What stage of the 4 overlapping stages hypothesis:

Polymers became enclosed in membranes.

A

Stage 3

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10
Q

What stage of the 4 overlapping stages hypothesis:

Polymers enclosed in membranes acquired cellular properties.

A

Stage 4

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11
Q

_______ are preserved remnants left by organisms that lived in the past.

A

Fossils

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12
Q

a _____________ studies Fossils

A

Paleontologist

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13
Q

The ages of fossils can be determined by _________ in the rock layers, and ___________ ______.

A

Locations, Radiometric Dating

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14
Q

Earth Formed about _.__ Billion Years Ago

A

4.55 Billion Years Ago

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15
Q

Prokaryotes appeared about _._ Billion Years Ago.

A

3.5 Billion Years Ago

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16
Q

Prokaryotes that produce Oxygen about _._ Billion Years ago

A

2.4 Billion Years Ago

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17
Q

Single-Celled Eukaryotes appeared _._ Billion Years Ago

A

1.8 Billion Years Ago

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18
Q

Animals Appeared ___ million years ago

A

630 Million Years Ago

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19
Q

Plants and fungi appeared ___ Million Years ago

A

520 Million Years Ago

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20
Q

Amphibians evolved from ____ and _______ life and moved to land.

A

Fish and Vertebrate

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21
Q

This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: ________: changes over time; not uniform across earth

A

Temperature

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22
Q

This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: _________ stared out with no oxygen, but oxygen levels rose significantly 2.4 billion years ago

A

Atmosphere

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23
Q

This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: __________ formation surrounded by water resulted in two different environments.

A

Landmasses

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24
Q

This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: _____ & ___________ effect living organisms.

A

Foods & Glaciations

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25
Q

This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: ________ _________ forms new land masses.

A

Volcanic Eruptions

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26
Q

This type of environmental change had this affect on the history of life: _________ _______ effects people and the environment

A

Meteorite impacts

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27
Q

_________ results from heritable changes in one or more characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.

A

Evolution

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28
Q

_____________ results from a succession of relatively small genetic variations or mutation within a single population that often cause the formation of new subspecies.

A

Microevolution

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29
Q

____________ - above the species level resolution in the formation of new species.

A

Macroevolution

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30
Q

This Theory of evolution was based on _______ ______’s studies: -Hypothesized that existing species evolve from pre-existing species. -Reasoned that the Earth is very old and has been shaped by slow processes and these processes occurring over long periods of time can cause great change. -Believes organisms inhabiting the earth descended with modification from ancestral species.

A

Charles Darwin’s studies.

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31
Q

Based on these Facts what can be concluded?

  • Individuals with heritable traits that make them better suited to their environment tend to flourish and reproduce, whereas other individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce.
  • Not all individuals of a population have an equal chance at survival.
  • Natural selection is the process of differential survival and reproduction that inevitably leads to changes in allele frequencies over time as those individuals who are the most fit survive and leave more offspring
A

Genetic variation and natural selection lead to evolutionary adaptation

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32
Q
  • Better adapted individuals are more “fit” and tend to survive and reproduce, passing on their adaptations to the next generation in greater frequency
  • Fitness- a measure of an individuals ability to survive and reproduce
A

Role of survival of the fittest in evolution.

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33
Q

___________-the study of evolutionary “relatedness” between different organisms

A

Phylogenetics

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34
Q
  • Different organisms evolve from previous forms via descent, and that all organisms are connected by the passage of genes along the branches of the phylogenic tree that links all of life
  • Fossils, biogeography, convergent evolution, selective breeding, and homologies support the theory of evolution
A

types of evidences that are used to study evolutionary change.

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35
Q

________ ________ Studies the genetic makeup and variations of populations over time.

A

Population Genetics

36
Q

What is microevolution?

A
  • The change in genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation
    • Natural selection
    • Sexual selection
    • Genetic drift
    • Migration and nonrandom mating
37
Q
  • Natural selection
  • Sexual selection
  • Genetic drift
  • Migration and nonrandom mating

Are the factors and mechanisms that cuase/effect ___________.

A

Microevolution

38
Q

_______ ________ is the process in which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than those without

A

Natural selection

39
Q

“Survivlal of the fittest” is a form of ________ _______

A

Natural Selection

40
Q

This type of Natural selection:

_________ ________Shifts the frequency curve for variations in some phenotypic character in one direction or another; from rare to average.

A

Directional Selection

41
Q

This type of Natural selection:

_________ _______acts against extreme phenotypes

A

Stabilizing Selection.

42
Q

This type of natural selection:

__________ _______ Favors the survival of 2 or more variants of opposite extremes over the intermediate individual.

A

Diversifying Selection

43
Q

This type of natural selection:

_________ ________ Does not favor the survival of one over the other, but maintains genetic diversity.

A

Balancing Selection

44
Q

______ _______results from individuals with certain traits being more likely to successfully reproduce than others

A

Sexual selection

45
Q

This type of Sexual selection:

__________ _______: Between members of the same sex

A

Intrasexual Selection

46
Q

This type of Sexual selection:

__________ _______: Between members of the opposite sex

A

Intersexual Selection

47
Q

_______ _____is the genetic fluctuation due to random chance

A

Genetic drift

48
Q

__________ ______: a sudden change in the environment may drastically reduce population size

A

Bottleneck effect

49
Q

_______ ______: occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new colony in a new location

A

Founder Effect

50
Q

the Bottleneck effect and founder effect are ____ likely to have genetic variation?

Less or More?

A

Less

51
Q

_________is the movement of individuals in or out of a population

A

Migration

52
Q

_________tends to reduce differences in allele frequencies

A

Migration

53
Q

Migratoin Tends to _______ genetic diversity within a popualtion.

A

Enhance

54
Q

__________ _______occurs when the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals.

A

Nonrandom mating

55
Q

____________:

The study of evolutionary changes that create new species and groups of species

Generally refers to evolution above the species level

A

Macroevolutoin

56
Q

A ________ is a group of related organisms that share a distincitive set of attribute in nature.

A

Species

57
Q

__________ is the process of generating a new species

A

Speciation

58
Q
  • Morphological traits
  • reproductive isolation
  • molecular features
  • ecological factors
  • evolutionary relationships

Are all characteristics used to define a _______

A

species

59
Q

Who proposed this concept?

“A species is defined as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to breed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who cannot produce viable, fertile offspring with other species”

A

Ernst Mayr

60
Q

Who proposed this concept?

“A biological species is the largest set of populations in which genetic exchange is possible and that is genetically isolated from other populations”

A

Ernst Mayr

61
Q

__________ ________The existence of biological factors that impede one species from successfully interbreeding with another species

A

Reproductive Isolation

62
Q

___ _______ prevent formation of a zygote

A

Pre Zygotic

63
Q

____ ______:Block development of a viale and fertile individual after fertilization.

A

Post Zygotic

64
Q

_______ Isolation: two species rarely encounter because they live in different habitats

A

Habitat Isolation

65
Q

_______ _______: species breed at different times

A

Temporal Isolation

66
Q

_________ ________: morphological differences prevent successful mating

A

Mechanical isolation

67
Q

_______ Isolatoin :two species attempt to interbreed, but the gametes of one species may not be able to fertilize the gametes of another species

A

Genetic

68
Q

______ _________:fertilized egg cant develop

A

Hybrid inviability

69
Q

______ ______: hybrid is viable but sterile EX: mule

A

Hybrid sterility

70
Q

______ ________:Some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate they create lethal offspring

A

Hybrid Breakdown

71
Q

______:The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment

A

Ecology

72
Q

_________ ecology- individual organism’s behavior

A

Organismal ecology- individual organism’s behavior

73
Q

__________ Ecology- how organisms are adapted to the environment.

A

Physiological Ecology- how organisms are adapted to the environment.

74
Q

__________ Ecology- how the behavior of individual organisms contributes to their survival and reproductive success

A

Behavioral Ecology- how the behavior of individual organisms contributes to their survival and reproductive success

75
Q

________- all of the interactions among the organisms such as humans

A

Biotic- all of the interactions among the organisms such as humans

76
Q

_______- all interactions such as light, temp, water etc.

A

Abiotic- all interactions such as light, temp, water etc.

77
Q

How does the environment effect the distribution and abundance of organisms?

A

Through Temp, wind, water, light, ph, periodic disturbances

78
Q

_________ Ecology: Factors that effect population size and how these factors change over space and time

A

Population Ecology:

Factors that effect population size and how these factors change over space and time

79
Q

__________-groups of interacting individuals of one species occupying the same environment/area.

A

Population-groups of interacting individuals of one species occupying the same environment/area.

80
Q

Role of _________ in population ecology:

Populations can have different patterns of dispersion for where they live and this distribution can also change during different times of the year.

A

Role of dispersion in population ecology.

81
Q

________distribution- individuals live closer together in groups; most common

A

Clumped distribution- individuals live closer together in groups; most common

82
Q

________ distribution- individuals live at a constant distance from one another

A

Uniform distribution- individuals live at a constant distance from one another

83
Q

______ distribution- individuals live at variable and random distances from one another; this is the rarest

A

Random distribution- individuals live at variable and random distances from one another; this is the rarest

84
Q

A populations size is dependent upon four factors:

  1. _________
  2. _________
  3. _________
  4. _________
A

A populations size is dependent upon four factors:

  1. Rate of natality: number of organisms that are born
  2. Rate of fatality
  3. Rate of immigration
  4. Rate of emigration
  5. Humans have a limit of carrying capacity: what an environment could hold
85
Q

Given these facts what is this reffered as

  • This is the environmental impact we have
  • Not everyone benefits equally
  • U.S. footprint is much greater than world average
A

Ecological footprint:

What is meant by ecological footprint?

  • Environmental impact we have
  • Not everyone benefits equally
  • U.S. footprint is much greater than world average

Lukes flash cards (6 decks)

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