Endocrine #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are released by the hypothalamus relating to growth?

A

Growth hormone regulating hormone (GHRH)

Somatostatin (SST)

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2
Q

What effect does GH secretion have on GHRH secretion?

A

GH is a negative regulator of GHRH secretion

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3
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (ILGF-1)

A

Produced in the liver in response to GH
Negative regulator of GH
Positive stimulator of SST release

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4
Q

JAK-STAT kinase activity

A

A receptor associated JAK kinase activity mediates the effect of GH

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5
Q

Growth Hormone Physiology

A

Complex effects on growth and metabolism

Many effects are mediated through IGF-1

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6
Q

Growth Hormone Theraputics

A

Treatment in children with short stature
Treatment of severe catabolic states (ie AIDS)
Anti-aging (benefits are controversial)
GH antagonists are used to treat acromegaly

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7
Q

Where is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) released from?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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8
Q

Where is Leutinizing hormone (LH) released from?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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9
Q

Where is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) released from?

A

Placenta

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10
Q

FSH and LH receptors are what?

A

G protein coupled receptors linked to Gas

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11
Q

What is FSH release related to in women?

A

Ovarian follicle development

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12
Q

What is FSH and LH release related to in women?

A

Ovarian steroidogenesis

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13
Q

What is LH release related to during the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

Androgen production

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14
Q

What is FSH release related to during the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

Conversion of androgens to estrogens

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15
Q

What is LH release related to during the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogen and progesterone production (if pregnancy does not occur)

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16
Q

What is hCG release related to during the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogen and progesterone production if pregnancy occurs

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17
Q

The coordinated pattern of FSH and LH secretion during the menstrual cycle required for what?

A

Follicle development, ovulation, and pregnancy

18
Q

What is FSH responsible for in men?

A

Spermatogensis

19
Q

What is LH responsible for in men?

A

Testosterone produciton

20
Q

FSH, LH, hCG theraputics

A

Used to induce ovulation that is secondary to hypogonadotrpic hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, and others
Complex protocols require close monitoring
Expensive
Used to treat male infertility in cases not treatable with androgen alone

21
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (aka ADH)

22
Q

What is the net effect of the release of vasopressin?

A

Vasoconstriction - increasing arterial blood pressure

Renal fluid reabsorption - increasing blood volume and arterial pressure

23
Q

What are the different receptors for vasopressin?

A

V1

V2

24
Q

V1 vasopressin receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors
On vascular smooth muscle - mediates vasoconstriction
Linked to Gaq
Activation contracts vascular smooth muscle

25
Q

V2 vasopressin receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors
On kidney tubules
Mediate water retention
Linked to Gas

26
Q

Clinical uses of vasopressin

A

Treatment of diabetes insipidous
Treatment of certain types of bleeding problems
Treatment of nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting)

27
Q

Clinical uses of vasopressin antagonists

A

Used to treat hyponatremia (low Na in the blood)
Very complex - almost counter-intuitive
Limit water retention

28
Q

Oxytocin

A

Works through G-protein coupled receptors (Gaq)
Induces contraction of uterine smooth muscle
Eliciys mile ejection in lactating women
“the love hormone” - because of its role in sexual arousal

29
Q

Oxytocin Physiology

A

Low dose - Increase frequency and force of contractions

High dose - Sustained contractions

30
Q

Oxytocin Theraputics

A

Induce labor - if early vaginal delivery required or labor problems
Atosiban - antagonist (of both vasopressin and oxytocin), used to halt premature labor

31
Q

Metabolic effects of thyroid hormone

A

Calorogenic effect - induces tolerance to cold and avaliability of ATP
Carbohydrate metabolism - increased glucose absorption from gut, glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, and glucose oxidation
Lipid metabolism - lipogenesis in adipocytes, in coordination with blood glucose levels

32
Q

What is the significance of thyroid hormone and development

A

Effect on growth as manifested in growing children - TH stimulates GH secretion and promotes GH effects
Important in promoting growth and development of the brain during fetal and postnatal life - deficiency can lead to mental retardation

33
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargment of the thyroid gland

34
Q

What are causes of a goiter?

A
Iodine deficiency (leading cause but rare in N America)
Autoimmune disease where antibodies attack thyroid
35
Q

Treatment of a goiter

A

Not necessary unless the goiter is large enough and has symptoms (often no symptoms)
Surgery is rarely used and is reserved for cases that cause difficulty of swallowing or breathing

36
Q

Treatment for under-active thyroid

A

Synthetic thyroid hormone

T3, T4, or a combination of the two of them

37
Q

Treatment for over-active thyroid

A

Anti-thyroid drugs
Thioamides
Anion inhibitors
Iodide

38
Q

Which form of Thyroid hormone is dominant?

A

T4 is most abundant in plasma

T3 is the most active

39
Q

Thioamides

A

Block thyroid hormone synthesis

40
Q

Anion inhibitors

A

Block I- transport into the the thyroid

41
Q

Iodide

A

High concentrations inhibit transport and inhibit hormone biosynthesis