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Physiology Exam III Material > Regulation of Respiration > Flashcards

Regulation of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 major respiratory centers

A
  • Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)
  • Ventral Respiratory group (VRG)
  • Pontine respiratory group (PRG)
  • Botzinger complex (BotC)
  • Pre-botzinger complex
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2
Q

What are the functions and locations of the medullary respiratory centers? What are they?

A

These center initiate breathing and are located in the reticular formation of the medulla

  • Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
    • Located in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius
  • The Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
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3
Q

What respiratory center is located in the nucleus of the tracts solitaries

A

The Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

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4
Q

What are the two Pontine respiratory centers

A

(located in the pons)

  • The Apneustic
  • The Pneumotaxic center (Pontine respiratory group PRG)
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5
Q

The brain controls both the ______ of breathing and the ______

A

frequency, pattern

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6
Q

The two pontine respiratory centers mainly control

A

rate and depth of breathing

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7
Q

explain the inspiratory “ramp” signal

A

Established by the DRG (Dorsal Respiratory Group) the nervous signal that is transmitted to the inspiratory muscles is not an instantaneous burst of action potentials . Instead, it begins weakly and increases steadily in a ramp manner for about 2 seconds in normal respiration. Then it ceases abruptly for approximately the next 3 seconds, which turns off the excitation of the diaphragm and allows elastic recoil of the lungs and the chest wall to cause expiration.

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8
Q

The dorsal respiratory group is located in the

A

dorsal portion of the medulla

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9
Q

The Dorsal Respiratory group sets _______ of respiration

A

basic rhythm

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10
Q

Most of the neurons of the Dorsal respiratory group are in the

A

nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and medulla reticular substance

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11
Q

_____ is the sensory termination of both the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves

A

NTS

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12
Q

NTS receives information from

A
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Several types of receptors in the lungs
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13
Q

What are the principle initiators of the phrenic nerve activity

A

Dorsal respiratory group

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14
Q

Establishes ramp signal

A

Dorsal respiratory group

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the PRG (Pneumotaxic center)

A

Control the switch off point of the inspiratory ramp

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16
Q

A strong PRG signal results in ____ breaths per minute

A

30-40

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17
Q

A weak PRG signal results in _____ breaths per minute

A

3-5

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18
Q

Where is the Pneumotaxic center located

A

in the superior pons

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19
Q

lesions of the _____ influence respiratory timing

A

PRG

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20
Q

Lesion os the PRG result in

A

loss of the ability to turn off inspiration (without additional input from the vagus nerve)

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21
Q

Function of Pneumotaxic center

A

-mainly controls rate and depth of breathing

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22
Q

The Pneumotaxic center transmits signals to the

A

inspiratory center (DRG)

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23
Q

Where is the Apneustic respiratory center located

A

in the inferior pons

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24
Q

Loss of function to the apneustic center causes

A

prolonged inspiratory gasping (apneuses)

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25
Q

The normal function of the apneustic center may be to

A

limit lung expansion

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26
Q

______ is the failure to turn off inspiration

A

Apneusis

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27
Q

Where is the ventral respiratory center located

A

in the ventrolateral portion of the medulla

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28
Q

Neurons of the ventral respiratory center are found in the

A

retrofacial nucleus, nucleus ambiguous and nucleus retroambiguous

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29
Q

The postal part of the Ventral respiratory group is the ________ and may be associated with

A

Botzinger complex, coordinating VRG output

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30
Q

The intermediate part of the VRG is associated with

A

the dilation of the upper airway during inspiration

31
Q

Neurons of the caudal region of the VRG synapse with motor neurons to the internal intercostal and other muscles used for

A

forced expiration

32
Q

Neurons of the VRG are almost totally inactive during _________

A

normal quiet respiration

33
Q

During increased pulmonary ventilation, respiratory signals spill over from the DRG into the VRG, which then contributes to the

A

increased respiratory drive

34
Q

The rhetorical nucleus of the VRG contains expiratory neurons which form the ______

A

botzinger complex

35
Q

What respiratory center neurons do not participate in the basic rhythmical oscillation that controls respiration

A

VRG

36
Q

This is a small area in the rostral part of the VRG

A

Pre-Botzinger complex

37
Q

Believed to be the site which generates the timing (frequency) of the respiratory rhythm (central pattern generator)

A

Pre-Botzinger complex

38
Q

Deciding the length of _____ and _____ is important to determining frequency of respiratory rhythm

A

inspiration and expiration.

39
Q

reflex that is a protective mechanism to prevent excess inflation of the lungs. it begins with stretch receptors in the muscular portions of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

A

Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

40
Q

The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex pathway

A

stretch receptors in muscular portions of walls of bronchi and bronchioles —-> dorsal Respiratory group neurons —> cessation of inspiratory ramp

41
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

increase in carbon dioxide levels

42
Q

What is hypoxia

A

a decrease in oxygen levels

43
Q

Hypercapnia and hypoxia lead to ______ activity in most neurons

A

decreased

44
Q

Chemoreceptors _____ their rate of activity when hypoxia or hypercapnia occur

A

increase

45
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors

A
  • Central

- Peripheral

46
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located

A

bilaterally 0.2 mm beneath the ventral surface of medulla

47
Q

Sensitivity of central chemoreceptors

A
  • Sensitive to H+
  • H+ does not easily cross the blood-brain barrier
  • CO2 does easily cross the blood-brain barrier

thus they are Indirectly sensitive to carbon dioxide levels in blood (based on pH)

48
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors include

A
  • Receptors in the aortic arch

- Carotid body receptors

49
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to

A

concentrations of oxygen (especially), carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions

50
Q

Central chemoreceptors heightened sensitivity to increased levels of CO2 last for several hours but then begins to decline due to ____ adjustment to plasma pH

A

Renal

51
Q

Heightened sensitivity to CO2 in central nervous system leads to what in the kidneys

A

kidneys will increase blood bicarbonate levels:

  • reduces plasma and CSF {H+}
  • Bicarbonate ions diffuse through the blood-brain barrier
52
Q

Peripheral receptors are more sensitive to changes in ______ levels in the blood and less sensitive to changes in plasma concentration of ____ and _____

A

oxygen, carbondioxide and hydrogen ions

53
Q

Locations of peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • Aortic arch (aortic bodies)
  • At the bifurcation of the common carotids (Carotid bodies)
    • (these are not the same as carotid baroreceptors)
54
Q

What are the two types of carotid bodies

A
  • Type I (glomus) cells

- Type II (sustentacular cells)

55
Q

Type I (glomus) Carotid body cells

A
  • chemosensors
  • PO2 dependent K+ channels result in K+ efflux when PO2 is high, leading to hyper polarization of the cells
  • decrease in PO2 closes channels and results in a depolarization that opens calcium channels, leading to neurotransmitter release
  • located close to fenestrated capillaries
56
Q

Type II (sustentacular) carotid body cells

A

-play a support role similar to glial cells

57
Q

Carotid body receptors pathway

A

decrease pO2 leads to depolarization onto hering nerves—–> CN IX—–> DRG

58
Q

Aortic bodies pathway

A

CNX—-> DRG

59
Q

Chemoreceptors are exposed to PO2 of ______ blood not ____ blood

A

arterial blood not venous blood

60
Q

___ and ____ are mainly responsible for regulating ventilation (at sea level) for PO2 between 60 and 80 mmHg

A

PCO2 and H+

61
Q

where are slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located

A

within the airways of the lungs

62
Q

Slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors signals travel in the _____ to the ______

A

vagus nerves, medulla

63
Q

Signals from slow-adapting stretch receptors actions

A
  • terminate inspiration

- prolong expiration

64
Q

Are slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors important in controlling tidal volume in adults at rest

A

probably not

65
Q

slow adapting pulmonary stretch receptors are important in controlling respiration in

A

infants and adults during exercise

66
Q

Where are rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors found

A

Within the airways of the lungs

67
Q

Rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors are sensitive to

A

irritation, foreign bodies in airway, and stretch

68
Q

Signals from the rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors travel in the _____ to the brain

A

vagus nerve

69
Q

These stretch receptors override the normal respiratory control mechanisms and elicit cough

A

Rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

70
Q

Thesauri are sensory endings (C fibers) in the alveolar wall in juxtaposition to pulmonary capillaries

A

J Receptors

71
Q

J receptors are sensitive to

A

Pulmonary edam (i.e. CHF)

72
Q

Signals from J receptors travel to the brain via the

A

vagus nerve

73
Q

stimulation of J receptors elicits

A

cough

Tachypnea

74
Q

Does J receptor override the normal respiratory control mechanisms

A

Yes

Physiology Exam III Material (13 decks)

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