Tectonics

Question 1

Give an example of a convergent continental-continental plate boundary, and which plates it involves.

Answer 1

The Himalayas, Eurasian and Indo-Australian plate

Question 2

Give an example of a convergent oceanic-continental plate boundary, and which plates it involves.

Answer 2

West Coast of South America, Nazca and South American plate

Question 3

Give an example of a convergent oceanic-oceanic plate boundary, and which plates it involves.

Answer 3

The Mariana Trench, Pacific and Philippines plate

Question 4

Give an example of a divergent plate boundary, and which plates it involves.

Answer 4

Mid Atlantic Ridge, African, Eurasian plate and the North American Plate

Question 5

Give an example of a conservative plate boundary, and which plates it involves.

Answer 5

The San Andreas Fault. Pacific and North American plate

Question 6

Give an example of a hot spot.

Answer 6

Hawaii

Question 7

Give an example of an earthquake in a HIC

Answer 7

San Francisco, 17th October 1989, 5:04pm

Question 8

What happened? (HIC earthquake)

Answer 8

6.9 on the Richter Scale, Lasted 15 seconds during the World Series baseball game (meant less people died) Social: People were trapped in their cars, 63 died 6,000 homes were destroyed, some caught fire due to gas leak 2,000 people made homeless The upper deck of the Bay Bridge collapsed 1.5 miles of the Cyprus Freeway collapsed crushing people on the road below Houses were destroyed and caught fire due to gas leaks Economic: Cost $4.4billion Buildings and businesses destroyed

Question 9

Give an example of an earthquake in a LIC

Answer 9

Kashmir, Pakistan, 8th October 2005, 8:52am

Question 10

What happened? (LIC earthquake)

Answer 10

7.6 on the Richter Scale Social: 79,000 died, 138,000 injured, 3.5million homeless Hospitals, schools, emergency and armed services damaged People died of cold in winter Economic: $5.4billion donated Farms and businesses destroyed Environmental: Landslides and cracks in ground Broken sewage pipes contaminated water and caused disease

Question 11

Give an example of a way a HIC could protect buildings

Answer 11

The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco Damper in the top acts like a pendulum reducing sway Cross bracing stops floors collapsing Shock absorbers built into cross braces Strong and flexible steel frame stops cracking Strong windows don’t shatter, shutters can cover them for extra protection Deep rubber foundation prevents collapse and absorbs energy

Question 12

Give an example of a way a LIC could protect buildings

Answer 12

Cross braced wood or bamboo frame Lightweight thatch roof Concrete rings tie walls to foundations Mud and straw walls packed between wooden slats Simple steel rod foundations

Question 13

Give two examples of volcanic eruptions in HICs

Answer 13

Mt. St. Helens, Washington, USA, 1980 Bulge on side made of magma, minor earthquakes Emergency helicopters and aeroplanes for evacuation Made exclusion zones (on wrong side) 2,000 evacuated, 56 died Educated people, given gas masks, told to stay inside Soil became fertile due to ash Mt. Popocatepetl, Mexico, 2000 Everyone evacuated so none died Small earthquakes, rise in temperature, release of gasses

Question 14

Give one example of a volcanic eruption in a LIC where they knew it would happen

Answer 14

Montserrat, Carbbean, 1995 Convergent continental-oceanic boundary Environmental: Polluted air, water and ground Soil became more fertile Wildlife disturbed Island grew 1 square mile covering the reef Social: 11,000 evacuated, 19 died Homes, buildings, hospital and airport destroyed Capital, Plymouth evacuated, more tourism Economic: British government gave compensation Unemployment Businesses and farms destroyed

Question 15

Give one example of a volcanic eruption in a LIC where they didn’t know it would happen

Answer 15

Democratic Republic of the Congo Didn’t know it would happen as weren’t monitoring it Seismic activity, 13km fissure opened up 147 died, 4,500 buildings destroyed, 120,000 made homeless No time for evacuation Some HICs gave food and shelter but others didn’t because of political unstability

Question 16

Give an example where a headland became stacks and stumps

Answer 16

The Needles

Question 17

Give an example of a spit

Answer 17

East Head

Question 18

Give an example of soft rock cliff recession

Answer 18

Holderness, Cliffs made of boulder clay formed as the ice from the ice age melted, very soft so erodes quickly 750km fetch to Norway so more destructive waves Eroded by all forms of erosion and weathering Effects: Rock groynes protect some areas but make others worse 1 in 36 villages destroyed Up to 2km lost a year Loss of habitat

Question 19

Give an example of hard rock cliff recession

Answer 19

Lands End, Cornwall Cliffs made of granite which is hard so erodes slowly 6,050km fetch so very strong waves Eroded in the same way as soft rock but slower, also cracks and is corroded

Question 20

Give an example of how a coastline is managed

Answer 20

Swanage Beach nourishment: Adds 90,000m^3 of sand costing £2.1million, acts as a natural barrier Sea walls: Adds a 1.8km wall that deflects the force of the waves Groynes: Stop longshore drift so beaches can build up Rock armour: Placed in 1980s, protect coast

Question 21

Give an example of how water is provided to a city

Answer 21

Las Vegas, Mojave Desert, 25miles from Colorado River (water source) Hoover dam created Lake Mead, a reservoir, provides 90% of water 10% of water from groundwater Uses up water, threatening other places and animals

Question 22

Give an example of a place that relies on a reservoir

Answer 22

Bristol, UK Reservoir created in 1950, holds 20,000l, destroyed 2,000 acres, flooding Moreton and a roman site Now pressure on supply due to increased population

Question 23

Name a place that uses groundwater

Answer 23

Mexico City The aquifers support 15.6 million people but is under stress from an increased population