Chapter 12

Question 1

Endothermic

Answer 1

Organism that are able to maintain a constant body temperature ( homeothermic)

Question 2

Ectothermic

Answer 2

Organisms that are not able to maintain a constant bury temperature

Question 3

Cladistics

Answer 3

A system which classifies organisms based on the presence or absence of shared derived characteristics

Question 4

Apomorphic

Answer 4

In cladistics this term describes a recent characteristics that is derived form

Question 5

Plesiomorphic

Answer 5

In cladistics this term describes primitive characteristics that is thought to be an ancestral to all members of the group under consideration

Question 6

Lateral lines

Answer 6

A line of sensory cells along each side of a fishs body

Question 7

Placoid scales

Answer 7

Toothlike scales composed of dentine, withing a pulp cavity

Question 8

Operculum

Answer 8

Also called a gill cover. It is a bony plate covering the gill chamber

Question 9

Swim bladder

Answer 9

A small, balloonlike structure filled with gases which helps fish maintain buoyancy and allows them to float at define the depths

Question 10

Fish

Answer 10

Are the most numerous and widespread of the vertebrates
The earliest vertebrates were aquatic creatures that clacked jaws
Cartilaginous fish are jawed
All other jawed fish are bony fish

Question 11

Amphibians

Answer 11

The ancestral land vertebrates was likely a lobe finned fish with lungs and limblike fins that enabled it to live on land fur short periods
The three orders are the legless amphibians, the tailless amphibians, and tailed amphibians
Amphibians have two lives

Question 12

Amniotic eggs

Answer 12

Eggs that have leathery or calcified shells that surround internal membranes including the amnion

Question 13

Amnion

Answer 13

A membrane which surrounds the embryo and holds the amniotic fluid

Question 14

Allantois

Answer 14

The embryonic membrane that functions in respiration and in storage of metabolic wastes in reptiles, birds, and some mammals

Question 15

Reptiles

Answer 15

Reptiles were the first group to be able to complete their life cycle out of water.
Subclasses are anapsida
Reptiles needed to adapt to land
- they developed a dry, waterproof skin, and more efficient lungs and ciruclation

Question 16

Sternum

Answer 16

The Brewer bone found at the front if the chest in birds and mammals

Question 17

Birds

Answer 17

Early in history of reptiles there was a great diversification during which the ancestors of all living reptile groups as well as birds and mammals evolved
Birds,like mammals are warm blooded; however, unlike mammals birds have feathers and lay eggs
Birds display many characteristics for flight, such as feathers, hollow quills, and boned
Good vision, end rapid digestion

Question 18

Monotremes

Answer 18

Mammals that reproduce by laying eggs

Question 19

Characteristics for flight

Answer 19

Feathers
Air sacks
Hollow strong bones to reduce mass
Large sternum for attachment of flight muscles
Lack urinary bladder

Question 20

Marsupials

Answer 20

Mammals that give birth to partially develop embryos that continue further development in the mothers pouch

Question 21

Placental

Answer 21

A type of mammal that has all of the embryo development within the uterus of the female

Question 22

Prehensile

Answer 22

Capable of grasping

Question 23

Hominids

Answer 23

A family consisting of existing and extinct human species and close relatives

Question 24

Viviparous

Answer 24

Describes animals that give birth to live young

Question 25

Mammals

Answer 25

Probable ancestors: reptiles called therapsids had limbs, teeth and skulls similar to modern mammals
Bilateral symmetry
Bony skeleton protects vital organs
Mammary glands

Question 26

General characteristics of mammals

Answer 26

Warm bodie
Air breathing 
Typically four legged 
Covered with hair
Fleshy lips 
Four chambered gears

Question 27

What characteristics have allowed the bony fish to be a successful in so many different water?

Answer 27

Swim bladder

Question 28

How did the aminiotic egg allow reptiles to dominate the terrestrial environment

Answer 28

It allowed reptiles to come to land because amniotic egg is a self contained environment

Question 29

Describe two adaptions that have occurred in vertebrates to permit movement on land

Answer 29

1) limes

2) a light weight skeleton

Question 30

How many amphibians compensate for a less developed lung?

Answer 30

Amphibians could exchange air through their skin as well as their lungs

Question 31

How is the surface area for gas exchange increased in the mammalian lung

Answer 31

Alveoli in the lung- anastrous

Question 32

What three adaptions which are lacking in reptiles enable birds to fly

Answer 32

1) air sac
2) feathers
3) wings

Question 33

Classification in the phylum Chordata

Answer 33

Class Agnatha ( jawless fish )- lamprey
Class placodermi ( jawed armoured fish ) extinct
Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish)-shark
Class Osteichthyes ( bony fish )- perch 
Class amphibian ( amphibians - frogs
Class reptilian( reptiles)- alligators
Class aves ( birds ) - blue jays
Class mammalia ( mammals) - dogs

Question 34

How does circulatory system of a reptile differ from that or a bird

Answer 34

In bird , and mammals the heart is fully divided into two hands were in reptiles dioxinated blood mixes with oxinated