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Patho Final > Intro to Patho/Cellular Changes > Flashcards

Intro to Patho/Cellular Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study and diagnosis of disease

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of living organisms

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3
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings

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4
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the causes or reasons for phenomena

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5
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown cause

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6
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Nosocomial

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7
Q

Multifactorial

A

Multiple etiologic factors

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8
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease

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9
Q

Risk Factors

A

Increase likelihood of disease

Modifiable vs non modifiable

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10
Q

Triggers

A

Promote the onset of manifestations in someone who already has the disease

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11
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective feelings of abnormality

Ex: headache

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12
Q

Signs

A

Objective or observed manifestations

Ex: BP, cuts

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13
Q

Syndrome

A

Set of signs and symptoms not yet determined

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14
Q

Remissions

A

Symptom-free

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15
Q

Exacerbations

A

Flare up of symptoms

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16
Q

Incidence

A

of NEW cases in a time period

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17
Q

Prevalence

A

of existing cases in a time period

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18
Q

Reliability

A

Same results when repeated

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19
Q

Validity

A

Measuring what you’re trying to measure

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20
Q

Sensitivity

A

Correctly identifies a condition - TP

= TP / (TP + FN)

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21
Q

Specificity

A

Correctly excludes a condition - TN

= TN / (TN + FP)

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22
Q

Point Prevalence

A

of cases in a defined population / # of persons in a defined population at the same time

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23
Q

Incidence Risk

A

of new cases / # of disease-free people at the beginning of the time period

24
Q

Incidence Rate

A

of new cases of disease in a given time period / total person-time at risk during the follow up period

25
Q

True Positive

A

Sick people correctly identified as sick

26
Q

False Positive

A

Healthy incorrectly identified as sick

27
Q

True negative

A

Healthy people correctly identified as healthy

28
Q

False negative

A

Sick people incorrectly identified as healthy

29
Q

PPV = positive predictive

A

How often you will get a positive test correct

TP / (TP + FP)

30
Q

NPV = negative predictive

A

How often you will get a negative test correct

TN / (TN + FN)

31
Q

What cellular change does GERD cause?

A

Metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium

32
Q

What cellular change does Smoking cause in the trachea?

A

Metaplasia

33
Q

Metaplaisa

A

Mature cell type replaced by ANOTHER mature cell type

34
Q

Dysplasia

A

Changes in everything; size, shape, uniformity, etc.

  • Cells become more immature
  • Precancerous
35
Q

What condition causes hyperplasia?

A

Ex: Gingival hyperplasia

36
Q

Reversible cell types

A

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

37
Q

Irreversible cell types

A

Anaplasia and Neoplasia

38
Q

Anaplasia + Anaplaisa =

A

Neoplasia

39
Q

Neoplasia =

A

Tumor

40
Q

Apoptosis - what is it, and does it cause inflammation?

A

An intracellular cascade that activates cellular suicide response. No inflammation

41
Q

Irreversible types of cell injury

A

Apoptosis and Necrosis

42
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Swelling, intracelular accumulations

43
Q

What correctly identifies a disease?

A

Sensitivity

44
Q

What correctly excludes a disease?

A

Specificity

45
Q

What is typically the first manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury?

A

Hydropic swelling due to malfunction of the Na/K pump –> salt goes in –> water follows –> incease in cell size

46
Q

How do free radicals cause damage?

A
  • Lipid peroxidation (attacks fat)

- Attacks proteins, disrupting the transport channels

47
Q

Necrosis

A

Tissue destruction due to ischemia or toxic injury, leading to cell rupture, spilling of contents, and inflammation

48
Q

What is released with liquefactive necrosis and what do they do?

A

Lysosomal enzymes consume healthy tissue

49
Q

Which type of necrosis could cause cyst formation

A

Liquefactive

50
Q

Trauma to the adipose tissue causes…

A

Fat necrosis

51
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

Lung damage secondary to TB; clumpy cheese appearance

52
Q

Gangrene

A

Larger necrosis

53
Q

What are 2 characteristic of dry gangrene?

A
  • Line of demarcation between blackened tissue and healthy tissue
  • SLOW spread
54
Q

What form of necrosis is wet gangrene?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

55
Q

What are 2 characteristics of wet gangrene

A
  • Found in internal organs (no line of demarcation)

- FAST spread

56
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

Results from Clostridium

57
Q

What is characteristic of gas gangrene?

A

Formation of gas bubbles in the damaged tissue

Patho Final (4 decks)

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