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Question 1

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

The creation of an offspring by fusion of haploid gametes, male sperm and female eggs, to form a diploid zygote.

Question 2

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 2

The creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm.

Question 3

What are 4 mechanisms of asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

1. Budding
2. Binary Fission
3. Fragmentation
4. Parthenogenesis

Question 4

What is budding?

Answer 4

A simple form of asexual reproduction found only among invertebrates. New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones.

Question 5

What is binary fission?

Answer 5

Separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size.

Question 6

What is fragmentation?

Answer 6

Breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults. Fragmentation must be accompanied by regeneration and regrowth of lost body parts.

Question 7

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 7

The development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg (2n). Mainly in invertebrates, but sometimes in vertebrates.

Question 8

What is the biggest challenge for reproducing sexually?

Answer 8

Finding a partner for reproduction.

Question 9

What is hermaphroditism?

Answer 9

Each individual has both male and female reproductive systems. Any two individuals can mate under this system, and in some species, hermaphrodites can also self-fertilize.

Question 10

Several organisms can change their [1] under certain circumstances.

Answer 10

1. Sex

Question 11

What is synchronous hermaphroditism?

Answer 11

Individuals are simultaneously male and female.

Question 12

What are the two types of sequential hermaphroditism?

Answer 12

1. Protogynous: egg producers become sperm producers
2. Protandrous: sperm producers become egg producers

Question 13

What is an example of a protandrous species?

Answer 13

Clownfish, where all are born male and later transition to female.

Question 14

What are reproductive cycles related to and controlled by?

Answer 14

Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to changing seasons. Reproductive cycles are controlled by hormones and environmental cues.

Question 15

What is ovulation?

Answer 15

The release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

Question 16

Sexual reproduction may enhance the reproductive success of parents when…?

Answer 16

Environmental factors change relatively rapidly due to their production of genetically varied offspring.

Question 17

What is fertilization?

Answer 17

The union of egg and sperm (sex)

Question 17

Asexual reproduction is expected to be most advantageous in…?

Answer 17

Stable, favorable environments.

Question 19

What happens in external fertilization?

Answer 19

Eggs shed by the female are fertilized by a sperm in the external environment.

Question 20

What habitat is required for external fertilization and why?

Answer 20

A moist habitat is always required for external fertilization to allow sperm to swim to the egg and to prevent the gametes from drying out.

Question 21

What happens in spawning? What triggers it?

Answer 21

Individuals cluster in the same area to release their gametes into the water at the same time. In some cases, chemical signals trigger spawning; in others, environmental cues are responsible.

Question 22

What does internal fertilization enable and require?

Answer 22

Internal fertilization enables sperm to reach an egg despite a dry external environment. It requires behavioral interactions and compatible copulatory organs.

Question 23

Mating animals may make use of what?

Answer 23

Pheromones.

Question 24

What are four characteristics of internal fertilization?

Answer 24

1. Fewer gametes 2. Higher survivorship of zygotes 3. Provide protection of embryos 4. Parental care of young

Question 25

Internally fertilized eggs of birds and reptiles have [1] and [2].

Answer 25

1. shells 2. internal membranes

Question 26

What do eggshells protect against?

Answer 26

Water loss and physical damage as the embryos develop.

Question 28

What are gonads?

Answer 28

Organs that produce gametes.

Question 29

Some organisms do not have gonads. How do they form gametes?

Answer 29

Gametes are formed from undifferentiated tissues.

Question 30

More elaborate systems of gamete production include sets of [1] and [2] that carry, nourish and protect gametes and [3].

Answer 30

1. accessory tubes 2. glands 3. developing embryos

Question 31

In many insects, the female has a spermatheca in which...?

Answer 31

Sperm is stored during copulation.

Question 32

What are the 6 reproductive organs of a male fruit fly?

Answer 32

1. Testis 2. Vas deferens 3. Seminal vesicle 4. Ejaculatory duct 5. Penis and claspers 6. Accessory gland

Question 33

What are the 6 reproductive organs of a female fruit fly?

Answer 33

1. Ovary 2. Oviduct 3. Spermatheca 4. Uterus 5. Vulva 6. Accessory gland

Question 34

What is a cloaca? Which animals are cloacas common in?

Answer 34

A common opening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. A cloaca is common in nonmammalian vertebrates.

Question 35

What do mammals have instead of a cloaca?

Answer 35

A separate opening to the digestive tract for elimination.

Question 36

[1] is relatively rare among animals. Males and/or females of some species have mechanisms to [2] the chance of their mate [3] with another individual. Females can sometimes influence the relative [4] of their mates.

Answer 36

1. Monogamy 2. Decrease 3. Mating 4. Reproductive success

Question 37

What are the human male's external reproductive organs?

Answer 37

The scrotum and penis.

Question 38

What are the human male's internal organs and what do they do?

Answer 38

The gonads produce sperm and hormones. Accessory glands secrete products needed for sperm movement. Ducts carry sperm and glandular secretions.

Question 39

What are the male gonads and what do they consist of?

Answer 39

Testes consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue.

Question 40

Sperm forms in [1]. Production of normal sperm cannot occur at the [2] of most mammals. The [3] of many mammals are held [4] the abdominal cavity in the [5], where temperature is [6] than in the abdominal cavity.

Answer 40

1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Body temperatures 3. Testes 4. Outside 5. Scrotum 6. Lower