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PERS1500 > Final 13-18 > Flashcards

Final 13-18 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate to each other

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2
Q

distal

A

further from some specified region

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3
Q

proximal

A

closer to some specified region

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4
Q

posterior

A

behind or back of your body

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5
Q

inferior

A

below

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6
Q

supine

A

lying on the back

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7
Q

prone

A

lying face down

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8
Q

midsagittal/median plane

A

divides body into right and left halves

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9
Q

transverse plane

A

divides body into superior and inferior sections

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10
Q

centre of gravity

A

where median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect (also called the Centre of Mass)

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11
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bringing the top of the foot toward toward the lower leg or shin

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12
Q

Plantar flexion

A

pointing your foot/toes

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13
Q

inversion

A

when the sole is turned inward (as when you ‘go over’ on your ankle)

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14
Q

eversion

A

when the sole is turned outward or away from the median plane

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15
Q

circumduction

A

a cone of movement that does not include any rotation (e.g.. tracing an imaginary circle in the air)

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16
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • 80 bones
    skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column
  • head and neck region
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17
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • 126 bones

pectoral girdle, arms, legs, pelvic girdle

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18
Q

irregular bones

A

include bones of your face and vertebrae

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19
Q

sesamoid bones

A

patella, found in tendons

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20
Q

bone composition

A

calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, collagen protein, water

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21
Q

wolf’s law of functional adaptation

A

bone adapts to applied loads

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22
Q

3 types of muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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23
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • heart contraction
  • very fatigue resistant
  • has own intrinsic beat
  • automatic nerve control/ involuntary
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24
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to bone by collagen fibres
  • contraction = body movement
  • motor nerve control/ voluntary
  • formed by muscle fibres (cells called myocytes) bound together by CT
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25
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • blood vessels & organs
  • slow and uniform contractions
  • fatigue resistant
  • autonomic nerve control/ involuntary
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26
Q

whats a joint?

A
  • connection between two or more bones
  • strands of connective tissue
  • classified by the degree of movement
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27
Q

fibrous joints

A

no movement, absorb shock, skull sutures

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28
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

limited movement, absorb shock, invertebrate discs

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29
Q

synovial joints

A

greatest degree of movement, allow movement, most common, hip joint

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30
Q

skull: Calvaria

A
  • formed by 5 curved flat bones

- protect brain and brain stem

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31
Q

what is the most fragile part of the skull?

A

Temporal bone (partly due to its flat structure)

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32
Q

skull: facial bones

A
  • formed by 5 irregular bones
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33
Q

facial muscles

A

allow us to: change expression, display emotion, form words, close eyes to keep them moist and prevent discomfort, close mouth to chew

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34
Q

axial skeleton: Thoracic Region

A

vertebral column, ribs and sternum, neck and back muscles, abdominal muscles

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35
Q

how many ribs? total. true, false, floating

A

12, 1-7, 8-10, 11 & 12

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36
Q

parts of sternum

A

manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process

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37
Q

most important pair of anterior neck & back muscles

A

sternocleidomastoids

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38
Q

large muscle mass of posterior neck & back muscles

A

erector spinae

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39
Q

abdominal muscles

A
  • plywood-like muscular wall
  • 3 layers
  • attaches anteriorly at linea alba
40
Q

3 abdominal muscle layers

A 
layer 1: external oblique
layer 2: internal oblique
top 2 for Lateral Bending and Rotation
layer 3: rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis
Last layer for flexion/extension
41
Q

pectoral girdle

A
  • suspends the upper limb away from the chest wall

- enables a great range of movement

42
Q

anterior chest-area muscles

A

pectorals major, pectorals minor, serrates anterior

43
Q

posterior back muscles

A

trapezius, latissmus dorsi, theres major, elevator scapulae, rhomboid muscles

44
Q

subscapularis

A
  • from axillary border of scapula
  • To lesser tubercle of humerus
  • Adducts and medially rotates upper limb
45
Q

Rotator cuff muscles on shoulder

A 
SSIT
S- subscapularis
S- supraspinatus
I- infraspinatus
T- teres minor
46
Q

human muscle

A
  • 660 muscles
  • half of body weight
  • numerous functions: ventilation, digestion, pumping of blood, movement
47
Q

myofilaments

A
  • thin filaments with actin proteins

- thick filaments with myosin proteins

48
Q

Z line

A

proteins anchoring thin filaments

49
Q

H zone

A

space between thin filaments

50
Q

M line

A

proteins anchoring thick filaments

51
Q

I band

A

actin filaments

52
Q

A band

A

myosin filaments

53
Q

sliding filament theory

A

muscle contraction occurs due to actin sliding over myosin

54
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibre

A
  • FT or type 2
  • appear white
  • fast contraction
  • anaerobic
  • fatigue fast
  • large fibres
55
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibre

A
  • ST or type 1
  • appear red
  • slow contraction
  • aerobic
  • fatigue resistant
  • small fibres
56
Q

muscle biopsy

A

bio (life) + opsis (sight)

- a tiny piece of muscle is removed and analyzed under a microscope

57
Q

motor unit

A
  • group of fibres activated via the same nerve

- basic functional entity of muscular activity

58
Q

all-or-none principle

A
  • an impulse of a certain magnitude is required to cause fibres to contract
  • all muscle fibres that make up a single motor unit will contract maximally if the magnitude is reached
  • an impulse of smaller magnitude will not cause a muscle contraction
59
Q

intramuscle coordination

A

capacity to activate different motor units simultaneously (impossible to simultaneously activate all motor units of a muscle)

60
Q

types of muscle action

A
  • static action

- dynamic action

61
Q

static muscle action

A
  • isometric (iso = same, metric = length)
  • no visible change in muscle length
  • load > muscle force
62
Q

dynamic muscle action (4)

A

concentric, eccentric, isokinetic, plyometric

63
Q

dynamic: Concentric action

A
  • muscle overcomes a load
  • shortens
  • ex. flexion of biceps
64
Q

dynamic: Eccentric action

A
  • muscle is overcome by load
  • lengthens
  • ex. extension of biceps
65
Q

dynamic: Isokinetic action

A
  • ise = same, kinetic = motion
  • neuromuscular system works > at a constant speed > during each movement phase > against a preset high resistance > independent of muscle force generated
  • effective for strengthening muscles uniformly at all angles of motion ex. biceps curl
66
Q

dynamic: Plyometric action

A
  • a rapid eccentric loading and muscle stretching followed by a strong concentric contraction
  • elicits the Golgi tendon organ reflex
67
Q

joint angle

A
  • muscle force production depends on joint angle

- optimal muscle length

68
Q

muscle cross sectional area

A
  • increased cross-sectional area = more sarcomeres generating force
  • generally, strength is determined by lean body mass volume
69
Q

maximal/absolute strength

A
  • increased active muscle mass = increased maximal/absolute strength
  • Qualification: inter- and intramuscle coordination, anatomical structure, and muscle elasticity = increased maximal/absolute strength
70
Q

absolute strength

A

the maximum amount of force a person can produce in a single effort

71
Q

relative strength

A
  • proportion of maximal strength relative to body mass

- maximal strength/ body mass = relative strength

72
Q

speed of movement

A
  • linked to the main component of strength:

maximal strangth, power, muscular endurance

73
Q

maximal strength

A
  • ability to preform maximal voluntary muscular contraction in order to overcome powerful external resistance
  • highest load lifted in one muscle contraction > 1 repetition maximum (RM)
74
Q

power

A
  • or speed-strangth (force * velocity)

- ability to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate of muscular contraction

75
Q

muscular endurance

A
  • ability to resist fatigue in strength performance of longer duration
76
Q

maximal strength & power

A
  • increased strength = increased acceleration > more strength left to accelerate weight after overcoming gravity
  • maximal strength important when overcoming medium to high resistance
77
Q

maximal strength & endurance

A
  • increased force required = decreased repetitions possible
78
Q

strength & endurance issues

A
  • strength development can hinder endurance and vice versus:
    > cardiorespiratory training = decreased FT diameter & muscle volume = decreased strength
  • maximal strength training = increased FT diameter & muscle volume = decreased cardiorespiratory endurance
79
Q

age

A
  • increased age = decreased FT number > selective loss of FT fibres - cell death (apoptosis) “use it or lose it”
  • sacropenia
80
Q

sex

A
  • men and women are more similar than different

- average woman = 70% of mans strength (at equal body mass)

81
Q

testosterone

A
  • anabolic hormone
  • responsible for muscle growth
  • women 20-30%
82
Q

all energy in the human body is derived from what 3 nutrients:

A
  • carbohydrates, proteins, fats
  • breakdown of these substances allows for the production of various amounts of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
83
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • fuel all biochemical processes

- body’s energy currency

84
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • energy liberated for muscle contraction

- ATP —> adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + free phosphate (P)

85
Q

ATP resynthesis

A
  • energy from breakdown of carbohydrates, protein and fat

- ADP + P —> ATP

86
Q

Immediate energy: phosphagen system

A
  • ANaerobic Alactic System
  • Creatine Phosphate (CP)
  • Short duration, very high intensity activities
87
Q

Phosphagen system, immediate energy characteristics

A
  • large amounts of energy produced in a short time

- fast recovery

88
Q

short-term energy: glycolytic system

A
  • ANaerobic Lactic System
  • Glycolysis
    1. Low rate: pyruvic acid –> pyruvate
    2. High rate: pyretic acid –> lactic acid
  • carbohydrates
89
Q

Glycolytic system, short-term energy characteristics

A
  • supports high intensity activities

- lactic acid = painful and fatiguing by-product > converts to lactate and hydrogen ions

90
Q

effects of training (short-term)

A
  • endurance training:

- increased anaerobic threshold

91
Q

long-term energy: oxidative system

A
  • Aerobic system ~ for activities below the anaerobic threshold
  • oxidative phosphorylation (Kreb’s cycle and the electric transport chain)
  • oxygen transport
  • maximal aerobic power (VO2max)
92
Q

oxidative system, long-term energy characteristics

A
  • efficient lactic acid removal after intense activity

- efficient breakdown of fuels to produce high ATP yields

93
Q

effects of training (long-term)

A
  • endurance training:
  • sustained and repetitive efforts (40 min at 130-140 BPM HR) of long duration several times a week
  • increased VO2max)
94
Q

interaction on the 3 energy systems

A
  • depends on activity duration and intensity
    1. short-term, high intensity activities > mainly phosphagen and glycolytic system (jumping, throwing, sprinting)
    2. long-lasting, low to moderate intensity activities > mainly oxidative system (marathon, triathlon)
95
Q

3 energy systems

A

phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative

96
Q

which is the most important energy system

A

oxidative, supports a broad range of activities

PERS1500 (4 decks)

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