4.4 Flashcards
Lawrence Kohlberg
a US psychologist who is most recognized for the stages of moral development which identify the development of moral reasoning and ethical behavior in humans.
Carol Gilligan
american psychologist most known for criticizing Kohlberg’s “3 Levels of Morality”.
Pre conventional morality
1st level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, in which the child’s behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior.
Social identity
the part of the self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category
Erik Erikson
a psychologist who emphasized the importance of social relationships in the development of personality.
Trust v. Mistrust
Infants learn a basic sense of trust dependent upon how their needs are met; 1st stage of Erikson’s model.
Autonomy v. shame and doubt
Toddlers begin to understand that they can control their own actions; 2nd stage of Erikson’s model.
initiative v. guilt
Preschool children learn to take responsibility for their own behavior as they develop self-control; 3rd stage of Erikson’s model.
Industry v. Inferiority
The school-aged child must learn new skills in both the academic world and social world. They compare themselves to others to measure their success or failure; 4th stage of Erikson’s model.
Identity v. Role confusion
Adolescents must decide who they are, what they believe, and what they want to be as an adult; 5th stage of Erikson’s model.
Intimacy v. Isolation
Young adults face the task of finding a person with whom they can share their identity in an ongoing, close, personal relationship; 6th stage of Erikson’s model.
Generativity v. Stagnation
The focus of this task is to find a way to be a creative, productive, person who is nurturing the next generation; 7th stage of Erikson’s model.
Integrity v. Despair
This stage involves coming to terms with the end of life, reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance of life as it has been; 8th stage of Erikson’s model
Primary and secondary sex characteristics
primary sex characteristics are body structures that are specific to sex. (ovaries, testes)
secondary sex characteristics are the physical features other than reproductive orgrans that distinguish men from women. (nonreporductive sexual characteristics such as breasts and an adam’s apple.)
