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Geography > economic activity and energy > Flashcards

economic activity and energy Flashcards

1
Q

uk employment
changing employment structures over time
pre industrial

A
  • predominantly primary sector (90% employment)
  • small secondary and tertiary sectors
  • lavour intensive rural industries
  • manufacturing of goods difficult in the pre industrial period
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2
Q

uk employment
changing employment structures over time
industrial

A
  • primary sector has shrunk from pre industrial period due to the mechanisation in manufacturing and agriculture
  • secondary sector accounts for half of the employment (1850) and 60% in 1900 (overseas market provided by the empire)
  • tertiary sector has expanded to provide services to secondary manufacturing e.g. shipping, haulage
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3
Q

uk employment
changing employment structures over time
post industrial

A
  • primary sector has shrunk to become almost insignificant due to the exhaustion of resources and competition
  • tertiary has grown to become dominant due to greater affluence, manufacturing has shrunk in face of cheaper competition from nic (deindustrialisation)
  • quaternary sector has emerged due to high quality education
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4
Q

india economy changes

value of sectors

A
  • the economy goes u from 1973 (300%)
  • sector contributions changed:
    1) primary sector down from 50% to 25%
    2) secondary up from
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5
Q

india economy chamges

share of sectors in GDP

A
  • tertiary= largest sector due to Infosys, India’s first company to be listed on the nasdaq stock exchange (58%)
  • specialising in software and IT- 5 of the top 10 companies are based in the it sector
  • estimated that for every 1000 jobs relocated to india, a british company would save $10 million
  • secondary stayed constant (20%%%)
  • primary went down ( 45% - 20%)
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6
Q

india economy changes

share of sectors

A
  • primary has reduced but still remains the top employer due to the number of subsistence farmers (63%)
  • secondary and tertiary sectors have increased in size but are still much smaller than the primary sector (10-15 % and 12- 22%)
  • tertiary went up at the cost of primary - mechanisation and new forms of employment such as high tech (based around bangalore)
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7
Q

Llanwern steelworks

A
  • coal fields supplying coal for blast furnaces
  • limestone ffound in brecon beacons to the north
  • rivers to transport raw materials to steel works (river usk)
  • iron ore fields used to extract iron ore for steel making
  • british empire required a large supply of steel for construction and steel building
  • britain went though the industrial first - had a monopoly of the steel industry
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8
Q

south wales mine closures

effects on the communities

A
  • loss of jobs in associated industries
  • closure of shops as people have less to spend
  • high unemployment - population decline due to outward migration
  • decline in public services
  • miners lack of skills means hard to get new employment
  • crime, depression , drug/alcohol abuse, vandalism
  • encourage out migration and discourage reinvestment
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9
Q

lg case study

location

A
  • Newport is loctaed on the M4, has rail links and is close to busy port making it easy to transport goods
  • available labour force due to high unemployment
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10
Q

lg case study

how did the area attract lg

A
  • Lucky goldstar was given 180 million pounds in subsides by the government in return for a promised 1.7 billion pound investment
  • welsh development agency has helped attract new investment to south wales
  • helped more than 1,000 companies establish operations in wales
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11
Q

economic sectors

A
  • division of the economy based upon the type of jobs on offer and what is produced
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12
Q

lg case study

impact on people

A
  • meant to create 6100 jobs only created 2000
  • indirect employment
  • area became more attractive for people to live- disposable income increased
  • ## local shops and businesses benefitted from people spending more money
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13
Q

lg case study

impact on environment

A
  • greenfield site chosen for location of new factory
  • habitats destroyed - increase in impermeable surfaces which could increase the flood risk in the surrounding area
  • increase in noise pollution due to cars and delivery lorries
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14
Q

lg case study

outcome

A
  • arrived in wales in 1996 but withdrew within 10 years due to market condition
  • by 2004 the workforce was down to 400 after 950 jobs had been lost during the closure of the two factories
  • lg required to return over 70 million to the welsh government
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15
Q

m4 corridor
reasons for location
labour

A
  • need is for mainly graduate labour
  • provides many attractive locations for residence
  • experienced workers enjoy large salaries
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16
Q

m4 corridor
reasons for location
transport and accessibility

A
  • heathrow airport is at one end and much high tech industry is international
  • staff and products need to move around the globe quickly and often at short notice
  • there are government offices and financial institutions in london
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17
Q

m4 corridor
reasons for location
incentives

A
  • many incentives offered by local government, authorities and the eu
  • the incentives include greenfield sites at reduced prices with tax exemptions
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18
Q

m4 corridor
reasons for location
market

A
  • much of south of england is wealthy so there is a large potential market for new products
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19
Q

m4 corridor
reasons for location
conglomeration

A
  • if high tech firms group together they can share associated services
  • e.g. cleaning firms, IT repair and research labs
  • by sharing services it reduces costs and increases the amount offered
  • science parks- often associated with unis
  • multiple high tech companies locate in the same location from collective expense - cambridge science park
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20
Q

m4 corridor
reasons for location
existing industries

A
  • there are already existing government research facilities and other research based companies like british aero space and rolls royce in filton
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21
Q

m4 corridor
reasons for location
unis

A
  • many companies involve unis in their research and development
  • reading, britol and cardiff are on the m4 corridor
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22
Q

global shift in manufacturing

TNCs

A
  • large multinational companies now control much of the worlds manufacturing
  • locate in most profitable location- caravan capitalism
  • e.g. nokia - germany to romania to moldova
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23
Q

global shift in manufacturing

transport

A
  • much faster and cheaper, distance is less important between raw materials, manufacturing and markets
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24
Q

global shift in manufacturing

communications

A
  • the speed and efficiency of modern communications means that the company HQ can keep in contact with factories worldide
  • the global village
25
Q

global shift in manufacturing

energy

A
  • modern manufacturing relies upon electricity to power mahinery
  • due to modern national grid systems this can be found almost anywhere
26
Q

global shift in manufacturing

governments

A
  • governments offering tax breaks or providing ready made factory buildings
  • also the use of economic zones such as those found in bangalore to give tax breaks to it companies
27
Q

global shift in manufacturing

new branches of manufacturing

A
  • manufacturing has shifted to consumer goods such as electronic products, clothes and furniture
  • these can be manufactured anywhere - ‘footloose’
28
Q

global shift in manufacturing

labour

A
  • cheap labour costs are very important
  • for hi tech industries education levels and skills are more important
  • uk is still the 6th largest manufacturer in the world despite losing many of its traditional industries
29
Q

global shift in manufacturing

positive outcomes

A
  • hic economies have diversified into new tertiary and quaternary industry e.g. microsoft in reading and picochip in batth
  • many nics are now able to compete in the global economy meaning greater fdi
  • lics offer lower production costs for tncs allowing the transfer of skills to nics such as india and china
  • workers now have a greater income
30
Q

global shift in manufacturing

negative outcomes

A
  • the spread of neo colonialism ( use of economic, political and cultural pressures to exert influence on other countries) and exploitation of workers into smaller LICs
  • ## some countries have lost their manufacturing bases leafing to job losses
31
Q

docklands case study

causes of urban decline

A

counter urbanisation:
- after ww2 and until the 1980s london experienced net out migration
- creation of new towns ( basildon , stevenage)
- the creation of london’s green belt in 1947 caused people to move further away as it prevented suburban expansion
deindustrialisation:
- 1980s- goods produced overseas were cheaper than in the uk
- 33% of the uks labour force worked in manufacturing during the 1960s in 2010 manufacturing was only 10% of the uks gdp

closure of the docks:

  • 1981- last of the docks closed
  • the increase in size of ships meant deeper water was needed so tilbury provided a better site
  • container ships and computerisation replaced the need for people to load and unload container ships felixstowe provided cheaper land, deeper harbour and developed into the uks largest container port

Yh

32
Q

docklands case study

effects of the decline of the docks

A
  • 1978 - 1983 - 12,000 jobs were lost , 60% of men were unemployed in 1981
  • docks became derelict and were unattractive to investors
  • london’s pop. declined by 19.5% between 1971 and 1985
33
Q

docklands case study

west india quay

A
  • tertiary busineses: henry’ (restaurant), museum of docklands
  • was used to import rum, spices from the west indies
34
Q

docklands case study

cabot place and canary wharf

A
  • high rise buildings (expensive land)
  • banking, restaurants
  • e.g. citi bank, hsbc (graduate employers)
  • a second ‘city’ (finacial)
35
Q

docklands case study

transport

A
  • docklands was only accessible by a13
  • DLR- set up to serve the isle of dogs
  • jubilee line- connects the docklands with the rest of the london underground
  • london city airport allows businessmen into the centre of london
  • 100,000 commute in canary wharf per day to work in offices
36
Q

docklands case study

impacts of regneration

A
  • 85000 now work in businesses in the docklands
  • city airport is 15 mins from canary wharf by road
  • east london has been gentrified
  • drives house prices up
  • canning town - a relatively poor area is only 2.5 km from canary wharf
  • 1.86 billion investedd by public sector - 7.7 billion invested by private sector
37
Q

docklands case study

london docklands development corporation

A
  • lddc - 1980-1998- to redevelop the docklands on behalf of the government
  • aimed to redevelop 8.5 km squared of land by encouraging private investment
  • attracted investment by giving tax breaks or grants to companies
  • deregulation - easier for companies to operate
38
Q

docklands case study

tiller road

A
  • variety of housing styles
  • private housing, modern flats and an old tower block
  • aimed more towards families- leisure centre, primary school
  • low level, low density
  • mixture of private owned and rented and housing associate
  • mainly residential
39
Q

docklands case study

cross harbour

A
  • traditional working class area
  • relatively low rise, residential buildings, cheap land
  • businesses cheaper end of service sector e.g. asda
  • mix of people- young proffesionals
  • e.g. building of baltimore tower- 2 bed flat is $950,000
  • wealth spreading south down the isle of dogs
  • still lots of original locals in the area and services to cater for them e.g. asda, laundrette, terrace of shops
40
Q

docklands case study

mudchute gentrification

A
  • types of housing : 2 up 2 down- town houses
  • gated communities- cuts off elite in private estates
  • some tertiary - docklands sailing centre
  • express newspaper - located in millwall docks from the 1980s until 2013
  • lots of warehouses converted into flats
  • gentrification - the process where people move into a previously run down area and spend money on improving the housing, making the area more desirable and increasing house prices
41
Q

informal sector

A
  • types of work that are not officially recognised by the government and are taken up by people working for themselves on streets in lic cities
  • tertiary sector
42
Q

causes of the informal sector

A

1) rural urban migration (in search of jobs, regular wage, better quality of life)
2) means there are more people of working age living in urban areas than there are jobs available
3) this surpulus labour means there is unemployment and underemployment (high skilled workers doing low skilled jobs)
4) in this situation employers can pay their workers low wages, which are not enough to live on
5) so people go in search of making a living outside the normal job market

43
Q

paratransit

A
  • cheap, informal urban transport e.g. rickshaws, scooters
44
Q

reasons for the growth of tertiary and quaternary sector

A
  • conglomeration of people with skills e.g. aerospace
  • rise of entrepreneurism
  • advertising increases demand for the good
  • decreases in price as goods become more popular e.g. laptops
  • changes in fashions/ trends e.g. rise of the ipod
  • supply of high quality graduates from unis along m4 corridor
  • growth driven by demand for hi tech solutions
45
Q

reasons for the changing location of tertiary industry

A
  • locate in cbd as urban transport networks allow easy accessibility
  • transport networks serve surrounding areas linking other urban settlements
  • people can commute from the urban fringe and the suburbs easily
  • decentralisation - businesses moving out of the cbd
    superstores and retail parks
    industrial estates - modern light and service industries with purpose built road network
  • business parks- firms needing office and retail accommodation e.g. bowling
46
Q

primary and secondary energy

A
  • primary - fuels that provide energy without any conversion process
  • secondary- fuels that are made from the processing of primary fuels e.g. electricity, coke
47
Q

coal

A

advantages:

  • one of the cheapest ways to produce power
  • coal power stations can be built anywhere where there are good transport links and a plentiful supply of cooling water

disadvantages:

  • produces Co2
  • so2
  • non renewable
  • need huge amounts of fuel

carbon cost : 700 kg / mwh
cost: 2.5p - 3p / kwh

48
Q

oil

A

ads:

  • easy to transport by pipeline or ship
  • oil fired power stations can e built anywere there are good transport links and water
  • a large amount of electricity can be generated quickly
disads:
-co2
- so2
- non renewable
- very expensive
carbon cost: 580 kg/ mwh
cost: 4.8p - 6p / kwh
49
Q

nuclear power

A

advantages:

  • uranium is readily and cheaply available and nuclear fuel is easily stored
  • small amount produces a lot of electrcity
  • do not produce co2

disads-
- not renewable
- produces radioactive waste which must be buried in sealed containers
- nuclear power stations cannot be switched on and off easily
cost - 2.5p - 4p kwh

50
Q

gas

A

ads:

  • light and easy to transport by pipeline
  • large amounts of electricity can be produced
  • gas fired power stations are normally built near rivers and the gas pipeline network can be built anywhere
cons:
- co2
- non renewable
- uk imports most of its gas which means that our energy may become costly if prices rise
cost: 2p-3p / kwh
carbon cost: 370 kg / mwh
51
Q

hep

A

kinetic energy of water spins a turbine which is connected to a generator
pros:
- very cheap to operate the plant
- does not produce any co2
- sustainable
- dams store water so we can control when electricity is made
- power output can be increased quickly to meet sudden demand
cons:
- dams are expensive to build
- valuable land is flooded when a reservoir is made
- a good site for hep plants is not always near a town here energy is needed
- not many suitable sites in the uk

cost: 2p -7p kwh
- 7 (50 w) schemes in the uk

52
Q

wind

A

pros
- running costs are low
- does not produce co2
- the land occupied by a wind farm can still be used for farming
- renewable
- safe and easy to build
cons:
- cannot control the wind - turbines shut down in very strong or light winds
- only built in certain areas e.g. hilly or coasts
- not attractive

cost : 4.2p-5.2p kwh (onshore ) 6.2p- 8.4 p (offshore)
135 wind farms in the uk

53
Q

geothermal

A
  • man made holes are drilled and surface water is pumped and heated to drive turbines
    pros:
  • does nor produce pollution
  • running costs are low

cons:

  • difficult to find suitable sites
  • borehole can run out of steam and may not be useable
  • dangerous gases and minerals can come out of a borehole which are difficult to dispose of
  • one plant in southampton
54
Q

solar

A
  • converts light energy into electricity (solar photovoltaic cells)
  • solar water heating - water in the back of the panel heats up - transferred to tank in house

pros:

  • renewable
  • can be used in remote areas
  • no co2
  • energy generated near location it will be used

cons:

  • do not work when cloudy or at night
  • uk is not very sunny so use is limited
  • 66,000 pounds to install

100,000 systems in the uk

55
Q

energy efficiency

at home

A
  • switch to energy saving light bulbs
  • don’t leave tv on stand by - use upto 85% of energy they use when they are on
  • switch chargers off when they are not being used
  • switch thermostat down by 1 degree and put on a jumper
  • recycle paper,plastics, aluminium - recycling an aluminium can uses only 55 % of the energy needed to produce another one from bauxite
56
Q

energy efficiency on the road

A
  • use public transport
  • car share
  • modern petrols are 90% cleaner than those used 10 years ago
  • drive hybrids ( 110g co2/km, less than half of the emissions of a 4x4)
57
Q

energy efficiency at the shop

A
  • buy local produce- food transportation accounts for 8% of all road emissions of co2
  • buy in season produce ( doesn’t need to be grown in a heated greenhouse)
  • buy products with less packaging
  • re use plastic bags- 13 billion plastic bags are given out in the uk every year
58
Q

reasons for energy demand

A
  • population increase- from 1 billion in 1900 to 7 billlion in 2011
  • economic development as countries industralise, energy consuming activities such as manufacturing, provision of services and transport increase in scale and importance
  • closely linked to economic development as people become more affluent, their lifestyles become more energy hungry
  • industrial development( increasing technical capabilities and wealth) allows countries to access new and powerful energy sources ( e.g. deeper oil drilling, nuclear power):
  • europe and north america were the first to experience large scale economic development ( use 70% of world’s energy)
59
Q

the energy gap

A
  • the difference between a country’s rising demand for energy and its ability to produce that energy from its own sources
  • the gap must be filled with imported energy
  • the gap is being widened in hics due to the deliberate phasing out of fossil fuels
  • the resulting loss of energy is greater than the amount being developed from alternative renewable resources

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