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Semester 3- GI > 6.1 Pancreas and Liver > Flashcards

6.1 Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the chyme leaving the stomach

A

Hypertonic, acidic, partially digested

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2
Q

Why is chyme leaving the stomach hypertonic?

A

Solutes from food are dissolved in gastric juice. The stomach is impermeable to water so water cannot move into the stomach to dilute the solutes

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3
Q

What type of cells make up the endocrine pancreas?

A

Acinar cells- release enzymes

Duct cells- modify secretion

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4
Q

What innervates the pancreas to release secretions?

A

Parasympathetic system- vagus nerve

CCK

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5
Q

When are acinar cells stimulated to release secretions?

A

When hypertonicity or fats are detected in the duodenum

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6
Q

What enzymes do acinar cells produce?

A

Amylases
Lipases
Proteases- trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase (all zymogens)

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7
Q

What is a zymogen granule?

A

A membrane-bound vesicle containing zymogens- so that the zymogens cannot be activated and cause damage to tissues

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8
Q

What do duct cells release?

A

HCO3- to raise the pH

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9
Q

What stimulates pancreatic duct cells to release HCO3-?

A

Secretin

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10
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A

Energy metabolism, detoxification, plasma protein production, bile secretion

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11
Q

What are the main cells in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

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12
Q

What is a liver lobule?

A

A structural unit of the liver

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13
Q

What is a liver acinus?

A

A functional unit of the liver

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14
Q

Where does the blood draining into the liver come from?

A

Portal venous system- from the gut

Hepatic arteries

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15
Q

What is ‘bile acid dependent’ bile?

A

Bile from the hepatocytes which is secreted into the canalculi. It contains bile acids and bile pigments

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16
Q

What is ‘bile acid independent’ bile?

A

Bile secreted from duct cells after secretin stimulation to produce an alkaline solution

17
Q

What are the two main bile acids?

A

Cholic acid

Chendeoxycholic

18
Q

What two amino acids conjugate with bile salts?

A

Glycine and Taurine

19
Q

What are the functions of bile acids?

A

Emulsify fats into smaller units

Form micelles with the products of lipid breakdown

20
Q

What are the functions of the gallbladder?

A

Storage of bile

Concentrates bile by removing water and some ions

21
Q

What stimulates the gallbladder to contract?

A

CCK released from the duodenum

22
Q

What is the sphincter called at the entrance of the gallbladder?

A

The sphincter of Oddi

23
Q

What is steatorrhoea?

A

Fat in the faeces

Pale and foul-smelling

24
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

A breakdown product of haemoglobin which is secreted into bile and excreted in faeces

Semester 3- GI (14 decks)

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