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Pathology bs > Disorders of growth > Flashcards

Disorders of growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasm?

A

abnormal mass of tissue

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2
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

the process by which neoplasm is formed

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3
Q

what does tumour mean?

A

swelling

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4
Q

How does a benign tumour grow?

A
  • by expansion, displacing adjacent tissue
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5
Q

How does a malignant tumour grow?

A
  • infiltrates local tissue and spreads to other parts of the body
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6
Q

What is meant by primary tumour?

A
  • original malignant tumour
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7
Q

What is meant by secondary or offspring/met tumour?

A

offspring of primary malignant tumour

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8
Q

How can malignant tumours spread?

A

Local - direct invasion (pancreas to stomach )

Distant - metastasis (vis lymph nodes or blood)

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9
Q

What two meanings can metastasis mean?

A
  • a secondary tumour

- process by which secondary tumour is formed (distant spread)

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10
Q

Ways of which metastasis can spread by?

A
  • lymphatics
  • blood
  • transcoelomic (through peritoneal cavity)
  • along epithelial-lined spaces (common in lung)
  • within epithelium (common in lung)
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11
Q

How might the tumour spread via lymphatics?

A
  • directly invade

- tumour emboli filtered out

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12
Q

Lymphatic spread is classical of ..

A

epithelial malignancy ( carcinoma)

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13
Q

How might the tumour spread via the blood?

A
  • directly invade blood vessels
  • emboli filtered out by capillary bed eg. liver, lung
  • typical of stromal malignancy and later stage of epithelial malignancy
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14
Q

How does transcoelomic spreas

A
  • via the body cavities such as peritoneal and pleural
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15
Q

In Paget’s disease of the nipple, vulva and anus where does the route of metastasis happen?

A

Within the epithelium

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16
Q

What is an example of spread via epithelial-lined spaces?

A
  • bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma of the lung

- thickened, dark cells along the alveolar spaces

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17
Q

Where can you get lymph nodes metastases from?

A
  • the primary tumour can go anywhere
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18
Q

A met found in the liver where is the primary tumour most likely to be?

A
  • GIT carcinomas
  • bronchus
  • breast
  • anywhere from the anus to the GI tract can go to the liver
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19
Q

If a met is found in the lungs where is its likely primary tumour found?

A
  • sarcomas
  • carcinomas
  • carcinoma of thyroid
  • breast
  • kidney
  • bronchus
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20
Q

Mets found in the bone are common of which primary tumours?

A
  • carcinoma of breast, thyroid, bronchus and prostate

- this is why people are asked to report any pain in the bone

21
Q

Mets found in the brain are common of which primary tumours?

A
  • carcinoma of bronchus
22
Q

Mets found in endocrines are likely to come from ?

A
  • carcinoma of bronchus often goes to adrenal
23
Q

Mets found on the skin are common of what primary tumours?

A
  • malignant melanoma

- clear cell carcinoma of kidney

24
Q

what does adenoma mean?

A

aden - glandular

oma- non malignant

25
Q

What is a polyp?

A

a mass attached to a surface, which may or may not be a neoplasm

26
Q

What does cancer mean?

A

any malignant tumour

27
Q

what does carcinoma mean?

A

a malignant tumour of epithelial tissue

28
Q

what does sarcoma mean?

A

a malignant tumour of stromal tissue

29
Q

what does the suffix oma mean

A

if benign

30
Q

what does the suffix sarcoma mean?

A

if malignant

31
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

neoplastic proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells

- all regarded as malignant

32
Q

What is the difference between Hodgkins disease and non-Hodgkins disease?

A
  • hodgkins lymphoma has mixture of cells including Reed-Sternberg cells
33
Q

What is lymphoma

A
  • Cancer with in lymph nodes
34
Q

Where do teratomas classical resign?

A
  • ovary (usually benign)
  • testes (usually malignant)
  • midline ( rare)
35
Q

What are teratomoa’s and what do they arise from?

A
  • tumours arises from totipotential cell or germ cells

- can reproduce any part of the body

36
Q

What are the non-neoplastic precursors of malignancy?

A
  • chronic inflammation (varicose veins)
  • cirrhosis of the liver
  • chronic ulcerative colitis
  • xeroderma pigmentosum
37
Q

What are the neoplastic prescursors of malignancy?

A
  • FAP (Familial polyposis coli)- these people will get colon cancer, effects their children
  • Intra-epithelial neoplasia
38
Q

What are the stages of grading cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia?

A 
normal 
CIN I
CIN II 
CIN III
-next step is cancer
39
Q

What is the difference between grading and staging of cancer?

A
  • grading is how bad it looks

- staging is how far its gone

40
Q

In TNM staging what does each of the symbols stand for?

A

T -size of primary TUMOUR
N - extent of lymph NODE involvement
M - distant METASTASIS

41
Q

What are the general effects of tumours?

A
  • displacement or destruction of normal structures
  • excess of normal function
  • paraneoplastic phenomena
42
Q

What paraneoplastic phenomenas?

A

-

43
Q

What are the effects of benign tumours?

A
  • Mechanical pressure
  • obstruction
  • ulceration
  • infarction of pedunculated tumour ( can cause pain and bleeding)
  • infection
  • rupture of cystic neoplasm
  • hormone production
  • become malignant
44
Q

What are the effects of malignant tumours?

A
  • all the physical effects of benign tumours
  • tissue destruction ( eg. cancer of stomach infiltrating the pancreas)
  • haemorrhage (any cancer breaching a vessel wall )
  • secondary infection (bacteria invasion of necrotic tumour)
  • cachexia (severe weight loss)
  • pain
  • anaemia
  • paraneoplastic syndromes
45
Q

In benign tumours one of their effects could be infection give an example.

A
  • bladder papilloma.

causes a site where bacteria can stay and cause urinary infect.

46
Q

In benign tumours one of their effects could be hormone production give an example.

A

islet cell tumour of pancreas

- cause excess insulin and cause hypoglycaemia

47
Q

Why do paraneoplastic syndromes commons happen ?

A
  • ectopic hormone production
48
Q

What are examples of what can happen in paraneoplastic syndromes?

A
  • excess of hormone production
  • peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar degeneration, myopathy
  • Thrombophlebitis migrans (inflammation of blood vessels
  • acanthosis nigrican (black under arm pits and neck )
  • finger clubbing

Pathology bs (21 decks)

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