Nutrition

Question 1

What is an anabolic process?

Answer 1

A process in which energy and raw materials are used for growth and maintenance of larger molecules.

Question 2

What are the five reasons why cells constantly require energy?

Answer 2

Bio-synthetic work, Mechanical, Electrical, Osmotic, Transport

Question 3

What is the energy molecule called, and what is it’s reaction cycle?

Answer 3

ATP.
ATP –> ADP + Pi –> ATP etc.
First stage is when energy is used, second is in energy production (oxidation of fuel molecules)

Question 4

Name 4 carbohydrates we take in in our diet and what their components are.

Answer 4

Starch - polymer of glucose
Sucrose - fructose and glucose
Lactose - glucose and galactose
Fructose

Question 5

Why do we need protein in our diet?

Answer 5

To provide us with amino acids.

It can also be used for energy in times of starvation.

Question 6

What is the better source of protein?

Answer 6

Animal, because plants tend to be deficient in certain amino acids.

Question 7

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 7

Isoleucine, lysine, threonine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine.

Question 8

Why do fats yield less energy than carbohydrates and proteins?

Answer 8

They contain less O2.

Question 9

What are the four fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 9

ADEK

Question 10

Why is fat required in the diet?

Answer 10

For absorption of fat soluble vitamins from the gut, and also for linoleic and linolenic because these two fatty acids cannot be synthesised by the body.

Question 11

What happens if vitamin intake is not sufficient?

Answer 11

Deficiency diseases occur.

Question 12

Why are metal ions required in the diet (in the form of minerals)?

Answer 12

They act as enzyme cofactors, for example iron and haemoglobin.

Question 13

What are the 2 minerals required for structure of teeth and bone?

Answer 13

Calcium and Phosphorus

Question 14

What are sources of dietary fibre?

Answer 14

Bread, cereals, beans, fruit and vegetables.

Question 15

Why is an increase in fibre in the diet good?

Answer 15

It helps to promote normal GI function, and it also traps bile salts. This means that more bile to be produced and so there is a drop in cholesterol because more is being used for bile synthesis.

Question 16

What are the three components of daily energy expenditure?

Answer 16

Basal Metabolic rate
Diet induced thermogenesis
Physical activity level.

Question 17

What does BMR include?

Answer 17

Cell maintenance including ion transport
Maintenance of body temp
Values: skeletal muscle 30% liver 20% brain 20% heart 10% other 20%

Question 18

What is the approximate energy expenditure of a person who is sedentary, moderately active, very active?

Answer 18

30, 65, 100 kJ/day

Question 19

List the four energy stores in the body and state the timescale which they are used.

Answer 19

Muscle - Short term
Carbohydrate (Glycogen) - Immediate
Adipose - long term
Muscle Protein - in cases of starvation

Question 20

What happens when energy intake is higher than energy expenditure?

Answer 20

Energy stores are built up.

Question 21

What happens when energy intake is lower than expenditure?

Answer 21

Energy stores deplete and alternative fuel sources are found.

Question 22

What does prolonged intake > expenditure of energy lead to?

Answer 22

Obesity, accumulation of fat in adipose tissue which impairs health and is a preventable cause of death.

Question 23

State three things which Obesity increases the risk of.

Answer 23

Some cancers, T2DM, Cardiovascular disease.

Question 24

In what category is someone with a BMI of 27?

Answer 24

Overweight

Question 25

In what category is someone with a BMI of 23

Answer 25

Desirable

Question 26

What is the highest BMI a person can have but still be classed underweight?

Answer 26

18.5

Question 27

What is used as an alternative to BMI in muscly individuals and why?

Answer 27

Hip/Waist ratio.

Central obesity is the problem as this is shown to be a high risk factor for many diseases.

Question 28

Define Malnutrition

Answer 28

Damage to the body due to a low energy intake.

Question 29

Deficiency in proteins can lead to oedema. Why?

Answer 29

Decrease in proteins leads to a decrease in blood protein synthesis because there are not sufficient amino acids. This means that blood osmolarity drops and water moves out into the surrounding tissues. Oedema.

Question 30

What does blood transport?

Answer 30

Oxygen, nutrients, waste materials and gases, signalling hormones, urea.

Question 31

Name two organs where interconversion of energy occurs.

Answer 31

Liver and Kidneys

Question 32

Name three organs/tissues where energy is stored

Answer 32

Muscles, Liver, Adipose

Question 33

Define Homeostasis.

Answer 33

Dynamic equilibrium for maintenance of constant internal conditions including pH, Temp etc.

Question 34

In a homeostatic control, what is the role of the control centre?

Answer 34

Sets the range for which the variable must be maintained within. It detects the stimulus from the sensing component, and then it determines the appropriate response and sends a signal for this to the effector.

Question 35

A child under 5 has signs of muscle wastage, loss of body fat and looks emaciated. There is no oedema but they have thin and dry hair. What is this child suffering from?

Answer 35

Marasmus - protein deficiency.

Question 36

What is the most common cause of Kwashikor?

Answer 36

When a child is displaced from the breast by a younger sibling.

Question 37

Why is serum albumin low in children with Kwashikor?

Answer 37

Kwashikor is caused by a protein deficient diet that has a little bit of carbohydrate. Lack of the essential amino acids means that protein cannot be synthesised. Abdomen can become distended due to hepatomegaly (enlarged liver).

Question 38

What is a catabolic process?

Answer 38

A process in which a molecule is broken down to release energy.