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Science Flashcards

1
Q

The mass of objects is always the same and is independent of __________.

A

Gravity

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2
Q

The measure of Earth’s pull of gravity on an object

A

Weight

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3
Q

Mass per unit of volume, or the ratio of total mass to total volume. Defines how closely the molecules are packed together.

A

Density

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4
Q

The amount of cubic space that an object occupies

A

Volume

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5
Q

Does not produce a new substance

A

Physical change

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6
Q

Produces one or more substances

A

Chemical change or reaction

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7
Q

If an object is denser than the liquid that surrounds it will it sink or float in the liquid?

A

It will sink

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8
Q

True or false: A physical change reaction produces one or more substances

A

False

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9
Q

True or false: A glass broken into pieces is an example of a physical change

A

True

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10
Q

This is a substance that consists of only one type of atom and is represented by a symbol consisting of one or two letters

A

Element

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11
Q

The basic building blocks of matter

A

Atoms

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12
Q

Adams are made of three components of subatomic particles :

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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13
Q

In the nucleus of the atom

A

Protons and neutrons

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14
Q

In the outer part of the atom

A

Electrons

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15
Q

The smallest particle of substance that may exist independently and maintains all the properties of the substance

A

Molecule

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16
Q

Matter that combines atoms chemically in definite weight proportions

A

Compound

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17
Q

Any combination of two or more substances not chemically combined and without any definite weight proportions

A

Mixture

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18
Q

Homogenous mixtures are called:

A

Solutions

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19
Q

Uniform and consistent throughout

A

Solutions

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20
Q

Contain dissimilar elements or parts

A

Heterogenous mixtures

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21
Q

Matter can undergo a ____________ through heating and cooling, shifting from one form to another

A

Phase change

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22
Q

Phase change that involves changing solid to gas

A

Sublimation

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23
Q

__________ is a phase change that involves changing from a liquid to a solid

A

Freezing

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24
Q

Happens when the temperature of a solid is raised enough in the result is a liquid

A

Melting

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25
Q

The transition between water and steam of phase change due to the effect of temperature is:

A

Boiling

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26
Q

A number that relates to the kinetic energy possessed by the molecules of a substance

A

Temperature

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27
Q

A measurement of the total energy in a substance

A

Heat

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28
Q

Total energy is made up of:

A

The kinetic and potential energies of the molecules of a substance

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29
Q

The __________ The molecules of the substance are moving, the hotter the temperature becomes.

A

Faster

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30
Q

__________ is a measurement of the total energy in a substance.

A

Heat

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31
Q

__________ is a measure related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance

A

Temperature

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32
Q

True or false. The concepts of heat and temperature defined the same thing.

A

False

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33
Q

The branch of mechanics that studies the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion of bodies

A

Dynamics

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34
Q

A pull or push upon an object that results from the objects interaction with another object

A

Force

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35
Q

What are the two main types of forces?

A

Contact forces and at – a – distance forces

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36
Q

Require physical contact and interaction between objects

A

Contact forces

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37
Q

The application of force to bend, dent, scratch, compress, or break something

A

Mechanical force

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38
Q

A force that is applied to an object by a person or another object

A

Applied force

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39
Q

These result even when the interacting objects are not in physical contact, but they exert a push or pull despite their physical separation

A

At – a – distance forces

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40
Q

These are involved when the sun and planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation

A

Gravitational forces

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41
Q

This is involved when an object moves in a circular path, and a force is directed toward the center of the circle in order to keep the motion going

A

Centripetal force

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42
Q

These are involved when the protons in the nucleus of an atom and the electrons outside the nucleus exert an electrical pull towards each other despite the spatial separation

A

Electrical forces

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43
Q

These are involved went to magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other even when a short distance separates them

A

Magnetic forces

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44
Q

This is present in the nucleus of atoms. It is released by fission, fusion, or radioactive decay

A

Nuclear force

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45
Q

The breaking of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei

A

Fission

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46
Q

Two atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier

A

Fusion

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47
Q

A type of energy that has a comparatively low level of physical weight or density

A

Light

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48
Q

What type of energy does the sun provide?

A

Radiant energy

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49
Q

Considered an electromagnetic radiation but has a wavelength

A

Light

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50
Q

Which is faster? The speed of light or the speed of sound?

A

The speed of light

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51
Q

Does light travel in a straight or curved line?

A

Straight

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52
Q

__________ surfaces tend to scatter light in many directions

A

Rough

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53
Q

__________ surfaces tend to reflect light in one direction

A

Smooth

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54
Q

Occurs when light passes through a transparent material

A

Refraction

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55
Q

Occurs when a ray of light bends around the edges of an object

A

Diffraction

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56
Q

A branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light

A

Optics

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57
Q

Optics provides information about the behavior and properties of light and it’s interaction with __________

A

Matter

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58
Q

A piece of transparent and curved material

A

Lens

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59
Q

What happens to light when it passes through glass?

A

It bends

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60
Q

Thicker in the middle and are used as magnifying glasses to help correct the vision of near sighted people

A

Convex lenses

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61
Q

Transparent object with flat polished surfaces that refracts or diffuses light

A

Prism

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62
Q

A physical occurrence related to stationary and moving electrons and protons

A

Electricity

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63
Q

Electric energy is made available by the flow of electric charge through a

A

Conductor

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64
Q

Allows electricity to flow freely through it

A

Conductor

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65
Q

Does not allow the electrons to flow freely

A

Insulator

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66
Q

Contain an equal number of protons and electrons because they cancel each other out and provide no net charge

A

Neutral atoms

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67
Q

Atoms with __________ charge contain more electrons than protons

A

Negative

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68
Q

Atoms with __________ charge contain fewer electrons than protons

A

Positive

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69
Q

These use only one electrical path

A

Series circuits

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70
Q

These used several electrical paths

A

Parallel circuits

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71
Q

These could be used in a house to monitor its electric flow, and if there is an overload of electricity the flow of electricity will stop

A

Circuit breakers

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72
Q

Must have a continuous flow of electricity going through a complete loop, returning to their original position and cycling through again

A

Electrical circuit

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73
Q

A closed loop through which electrical charges can continuously move

A

Circuit

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74
Q

Friction can produce what kind of electricity?

A

Static electricity

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75
Q

Refers to the accumulation of excess electric charge in a region that has poor electrical conductivity

A

Static electricity

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76
Q

Refers to the buildup of electric charge on the surface of objects

A

Static electricity

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77
Q

What do like charges do?

A

Repel one another

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78
Q

What do opposite charges do?

A

Attract each other

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79
Q

Cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another

A

Energy

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80
Q

Energy from the sun that may be converted into thermal or electrical energy. They can have the form of electromagnetic waves.

A

Solar energy

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81
Q

The combustion of gasoline provokes a reaction that releases what kind of energy?

A

Chemical energy

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82
Q

__________ energy is considered the most internal energy of objects, which is created by vibration and movement

A

Thermal energy

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83
Q

Daylight is a result of what kind of energy?

A

Solar energy

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84
Q

True or false: the motion of all bodies is governed by the same basic rules

A

True

85
Q

Forces occur in __________

A

Pairs

86
Q

These types of forces do not cause a change in motion

A

Balanced forces

87
Q

Balanced forces are __________ in direction and __________ in size

A

Opposite, equal

88
Q

Always cause a change in motion

A

Unbalanced forces

89
Q

Unbalanced forces are often in __________ directions and __________ in size

A

Opposite, not equal

90
Q

These forces can also happen with forces in the same direction and still cause movement

A

Unbalanced forces

91
Q

The earth is divided into what three main layers?

A

The core, the mantle, and the crust

92
Q

The innermost part of the Earth

A

Core

93
Q

What two substances is the earth’s core made up of?

A

Iron and nickel

94
Q

The Core is divided into which two sections?

A

The inner core and the outer core

95
Q

Solid and approximately 780 miles thick

A

Inner core

96
Q

Always molten, or melted

A

Outer core

97
Q

Which of the cores rotates?

A

The outer core

98
Q

What does the outer core create when it rotates?

A

Earth’s magnetism

99
Q

This layer makes up the majority of the earths volume

A

The mantle

100
Q

The top layer of the earth is called

A

The crust

101
Q

Which is the thinnest layer of earth?

A

The crust

102
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Oceanic crust and continental crust

103
Q

Which type of crust is generally younger and consists mainly of basalt?

A

Oceanic crust

104
Q

Because the core is so hot, heat develops a current which radiates to the earths crust through:

A

Convection currents

105
Q

What causes the plates of the earth’s crust to move?

A

Convection currents

106
Q

What moves the continents around the surface of the earth and causes geological formations to occur?

A

Plate tectonics

107
Q

Who proposed the theory of Pangea?

A

Alfred Wegener

108
Q

These form when erosion changes the face of the earth’s surface

A

Canyons

109
Q

As the plates of earth shift, there is a phenomenon called __________ which causes the plateau to rise, causing the river to be lower relative to the surface of the plateau

A

Uplift

110
Q

The point on Earth’ surface where the earthquake begins

A

Epicenter

111
Q

These rocks are formed from the cooling of magma

A

Igneous rocks

112
Q

These rocks are usually coarse and make up the majority of Earth’s crust

A

Igneous rocks

113
Q

These rocks are created when layers of debris are compacted and fuse together

A

Sedimentary rocks

114
Q

What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?

A

Clastic, chemical, and organic

115
Q

Basic sedimentary rocks that are accumulations of broken pieces of rocks

A

Clastic rocks

116
Q

These sedimentary rocks form when standing water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behind

A

Chemical rocks

117
Q

These sedimentary rocks are formed by materials such as calcium from shells, bones, and teeth

A

Organic rocks

118
Q

These rocks form when a pre-existing rock is moved into an environment in which the minerals that make up the rock become unstable

A

Metamorphic rocks

119
Q

Occurs when the sun heats up the water on the surface of the earth

A

Evaporation

120
Q

Occurs when the water vapor in the air cools and changes back into liquid, forming clouds

A

Condensation

121
Q

Occurs when the amount of water that has condensed in the air is too much for the air to hold. The clouds that hold the water become heavy and the water falls back to the surface of the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow.

A

Precipitation

122
Q

Occurs when the water returns to the surface of the earth and falls back into water sources like oceans, lakes, or rivers.

A

Collection

123
Q

These air masses bring extremely cold temperatures and little moisture. They generally originate in the Arctic Circle and move south across Canada and the United States during winter

A

Continental arctic

124
Q

These air masses bring cold and dry weather. They generally form south of the Arctic Circle and affect the weather in the United States in the winter. In the summer these air masses affect only the northern portion of the United States

A

Continental polar

125
Q

These air masses are cool and moist and bring cloudy, damp weather to the United States

A

Maritime polar

126
Q

These air masses bring warm temperatures and moisture. They can form year round but are most common in the summer

A

Maritime tropical

127
Q

These air masses form over the desert southwest and northern Mexico in the summer. They begin over the equator where moist air is heated and rises.

A

Continental tropical

128
Q

The horizontal movement of air

A

Wind

129
Q

Low pressure regions of little steady air movement

A

Doldrums

130
Q

Warm, steady breezes that blow continuously

A

Trade winds

131
Q

Trade winds act as the steering force for:

A

Tropical storms

132
Q

Winds that are responsible for many of the weather movements in the United States and Canada

A

Prevailing westerlies

133
Q

Horizontal, layered clouds that appear to blanket the sky. They form where warm, moist air passes over cool air

A

Status clouds

134
Q

These clouds are puffy and look like cotton balls. They generally form when warm, moist air is forced upward and produce heavy thunderstorms in the summer

A

Cumulus clouds

135
Q

These clouds are wispy and feathery. They only form at high altitudes and are composed of ice crystals

A

Cirrus clouds

136
Q

These clouds produce precipitation

A

Nimbus clouds

137
Q

Occurs when rain water falls to land and moves across the land to rivers, streams, or other water sites. Occurs when the quantity of rainfall exceeds the rate at which the soil can absorb water

A

Runoff

138
Q

Downward movement of water through the soil and rock in the ground

A

Percolation

139
Q

Process by which materials in the soil are transferred into the water

A

Leaching

140
Q

A formation that transmits water under the surface of the earth

A

Aquifer

141
Q

Lake like area where water is kept until needed

A

Reservoir

142
Q

True or false: trade winds form at the poles

A

False, trade winds form at the equator

143
Q

What are the three ways heat is transferred through the Earth’s system?

A

Radiation, conduction, and convection

144
Q

When heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves

A

Radiation

145
Q

Occurs when heat transfer through molecular movement

A

Conduction

146
Q

Occurs through the movement of masses, either air or water

A

Convection

147
Q

What accounts for Earth’s seasons?

A

The tilt of Earth on its axis

148
Q

What occurs when the moon and sun are on opposite sides of the Earth

A

Full moon

149
Q

What are the four phases of the moon?

A

New Moon, First Quarter Moon, Full Moon, Last Quarter Moon

150
Q

The beginnings of space exploration began in 1914 when __________ received two parents for rockets

A

Robert Goddard

151
Q

What two space shuttles were destroyed during missions?

A

Challenger and Columbia

152
Q

In which Apollo mission did Armstrong and Aldrin walk on the moon?

A

Apollo 11

153
Q

What are the 8 levels of taxonomy?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

154
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

155
Q

Cells in which a nucleus is present

A

Eukaryotes

156
Q

Cells without nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

157
Q

A system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids, and other materials are made

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

158
Q

Covered in ribosomes and is usually found near the nucleus

A

Rough ER

159
Q

Does not contain ribosomes, makes lipids, and breaks down toxic materials that could damage the. Ell

A

Smooth ER

160
Q

The organelle that packages and distributes proteins

A

Golgi complex

161
Q

The power source of the cell. The organelle in which sugar is broken down to produce energy

A

Mitochondria

162
Q

Transports the lipids and proteins to other parts of the cell or outside the cell

A

Vesicles

163
Q

The vesicles responsible for digestion inside a cell. Organelles that contain digestive enzymes that destroy worn out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste, and protect cells from invaders

A

Lysosomes

164
Q

Protists that consume food in their environment

A

Heterotrophs

165
Q

Organisms that invade other organisms called hosts to obtain the nutrients it needs

A

Parasites

166
Q

Offspring come from one parent and are an identical copy of the parent

A

Asexual reproduction

167
Q

Unicellular protists

A

Algae

168
Q

Free floating single cell protists

A

Phyto plankton

169
Q

Animal like protists (heterotrophs)

A

Protozoans

170
Q

What are the feet of amoebas

A

Pseudopodia

171
Q

Complex protists that have hundreds of tiny hairlike structures

A

Ciliates

172
Q

Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll

A

Fungi

173
Q

What happens when sex cells are formed and then joined together to make sexual spores that grow into new fungi

A

Sexual reproduction

174
Q

What fungi live in soil and are decomposers

A

Threadlike fungi

175
Q

What is the type of fungi that includes yeast, mildew, truffles, morels

A

Sac fungi

176
Q

What kind of fungi are mushrooms

A

Club fungi

177
Q

What are all other species of fungi

A

Imperfect fungi

178
Q

Sac fungi reproduce both asexually through a sac called:

A

Ascus

179
Q

Twisted mass of hyphae

A

Mycelium

180
Q

Multicellular fungi are made up of chains of cells called:

A

Hyphae

181
Q

Threadlike fungi reproduce a sexually using spore cases called

A

Sporangia

182
Q

A plant is a eukaryotic, multicellular

A

Autotroph

183
Q

Autotrophs create their own

A

Food

184
Q

What are the two stages of a plant’s lifecycle?

A

Sporophyte and gametophyte

185
Q

Carbon dioxide enters the plants leaves through __________ openings in the leaf’s surface which can open and close

A

Stomata

186
Q

The loss of water through leaves is called

A

Transpiration

187
Q

Nonflowering seed plants are called

A

Gymnosperms

188
Q

Flowering seed plants are called

A

Angiosperms

189
Q

The process by which plants convert the energy that is stored in glucose molecules into energy that sells can use

A

Cellular respiration

190
Q

What are the four categories of eukaryotes?

A

Protists, fungi, plants, and animals

191
Q

What to plant cells have that animal cells do not have?

A

Chloroplasts and cell walls

192
Q

What are the two ways cells can divide?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

193
Q

Who was the father of modern genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

194
Q

A well validated and well supported explanation of some aspect of the natural world

A

Theory

195
Q

A truthful exclamation of different events that happen with uniformity under certain conditions

A

Law

196
Q

The precision of an assessment instrument

A

Reliability

197
Q

The accuracy of an assessment instrument

A

Validity

198
Q

The geological phenomena of plate tectonics is most likely caused by what?

A

Convection currents in the core

199
Q

The first American to be launched into space was?

A

Alan Shepard

200
Q

Which Apollo flight was considered a “successful failure” when it’s mission had to be aborted due to the explosion of oxygen tanks?

A

Apollo 13

201
Q

Occurs when light passes through a transparent material like water at a slant angle

A

Refraction

202
Q

What part of the cell breaks down sugar to create energy?

A

Mitochondria

203
Q

A phase change that involves. Hanging from a solid to a liquid can be called:

A

Fusion

204
Q

Which is not considered an electromagnetic wave?

A

Sound waves

205
Q

Does an instrument that is considered valid also have to be reliable?

A

Yes, if it is valid then it must be reliable

206
Q

A physical occurance related to stationary and moving electrons and protons is called:

A

Electricity

207
Q

When would you use a link cable?

A

When using graphing calculators

208
Q

The process by which a plant converts glucose into energy

A

Respiration

subject area exam (3 decks)

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